分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Protonibea: Greek, protos = the first + see under Nibea.
More on author: Lacepède.
Issue
Type species of genus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 5 - 100 m (Ref. 43239). 熱帶; 40°N - 28°S, 47°E - 154°E
Indo-West Pacific: west coast of the Persian Gulf and along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka, north to Japan and south through the Philippines and Borneo to New Guinea and northern Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣的西岸而且沿著印度海岸與斯里蘭卡, 北至日本與南至菲律賓與婆羅洲到新幾內亞與澳洲北部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 85 - ? cm
Max length : 165.0 cm TL (female); common length : 100.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9772); 最大體重: 0.00 g; 最大年齡: 8 年 (Ref. 72458)
背棘 (總數) : 10 - 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 22 - 25; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7. 7-8 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch.
在第一個的下面肢翼上的 7-8 鰓耙成弓形彎曲。
Found in coastal waters over muddy bottoms, off the sea-bed. Ascend tidal rivers and estuaries (Ref. 9772). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Also caught with bottom trawls (Ref. 9772). Sold fresh and dried salted (swim bladder) in markets. An important food fish. Minimum depth range based on occurrence (Ref. 118911).
發現於了沿岸水域在泥沙底上面, 外海的海床。 上溯到有潮汐漲落的河川與河口。 (參考文獻 9772) 主要捕食甲殼動物與小魚。 也用底拖網捕獲。 (參考文獻 9772) 生鮮販賣與在市場中乾燥鹽醃 (泳鰾)了。 一個重要的食用魚。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣的西岸而且沿著印度海岸與斯里蘭卡, 北至日本與南至菲律賓與婆羅洲到新幾內亞與澳洲北部。
Lal Mohan, R.S., 1984. Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 4. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 3490)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
近危 (NT) (A2b); Date assessed: 30 July 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 養殖: 商業性
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1838 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00538 - 0.01228), b=3.07 (2.95 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.29-0.52; tmax=8).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 40.5 [14.2, 156.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.578 [0.238, 1.642] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.3, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.206 [0.112, 0.346] g/100g; Selenium = 84.9 [44.5, 168.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.38 [2.40, 34.23] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.405, 1.471] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
