Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; reef-associated; depth range 0 - 5 m. Subtropical; 43°N - 25°N, 82°W - 68°W
Western Atlantic: Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Florida in USA, straggling south to Miami in cold years.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - 38 cm
Max length : 43.2 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637); max. published weight: 2.2 kg (Ref. 40637)
Largely inhabits inshore water on rocky bottoms and reefs, jetties and wrecks. Frequently occurs among litter and tolerates polluted water. Becoming important as an experimental fish because of its size and hardiness. Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35422).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 10.2 - 26.1, mean 20.7 °C (based on 126 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00449 - 0.01939), b=3.08 (2.89 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.11; tmax=8).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 26 [12, 75] mg/100g; Iron = 0.533 [0.267, 1.003] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.4, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.216 [0.111, 0.414] g/100g; Selenium = 8.62 [3.96, 20.34] μg/100g; VitaminA = 61.5 [17.7, 229.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.962 [0.608, 1.490] mg/100g (wet weight);
