Family Cobitidae - Spined loaches | ||||
Order | : | Cypriniformes | ||
Class | : | Teleostei | ||
No. in FishBase | : | Genera : 22 | Species : 227 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes | ||
Environment | : | Fresh : Yes | Brackish : Yes | Marine : No | ||
Division | : | Primary freshwater | ||
Aquarium | : | many | ||
First Fossil Record | : | |||
Remark | : | Distribution: Eurasia and Morocco. Benthic. Body vermiform to fusiform. Mouth subterminal, with 3-6 pairs barbels. An erectile spine below eye. Pharyngeal teeth a single row. Maximum length about 40 cm . Some are popular aquarium fishes. | ||
Etymology | : | Greek, kobitis, -idos = sardine | ||
Reproductive guild | : | nonguarders | ||
Typical activity level | : | |||
Main Ref. | : | Nelson, J.S. 1994 | ||
Coordinator | : | |||
Deep Fin Classification | : | Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Otomorpha | Ostariophysi | | Otophysa | | | | | | Cypriniphysae | Cypriniformes | Cobitoidei | | Cobitidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination |
---|---|---|---|
Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis taenia taenia Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis spilura Holandre, 1837 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitinula anatoliae Hankó, 1925 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Cobitis taenia tanaitica Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Cobitis taenioides Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis taenia danubialis Nalbant, 1993 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis taenia dalmatina (non Karaman, 1928) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis taenia narentana (non Karaman, 1928) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis taenia ohridana (non Karaman, 1928) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis maroccana (non Pellegrin, 1929) | misapplied | misapplied | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia maroccana (non Pellegrin, 1929) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis linea (Heckel, 1847) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthopsis linea Heckel, 1847 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis elongata Heckel & Kner, 1858 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis bilineata Canestrini, 1865 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia var. bilineata Canestrini, 1865 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis taenia var. puta Cantoni, 1882 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis teania var. septa Cantoni, 1882 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis taenia zanandreai (non Cavicchioli, 1965) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis macrostigma Dabry de Thiersant, 1872 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus macrostigma (Dabry de Thiersant, 1872) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis sinensis Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis melanoleuca (non Nichols, 1925) | misapplied | misapplied | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia melanoleuca (non Nichols, 1925) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis laoensis (Sauvage, 1878) | accepted | senior | new |
Misgurnus laoensis Sauvage, 1878 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis biwae Jordan & Snyder, 1901 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis dolichorhynchus Nichols, 1918 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis meridionalis Karaman, 1924 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia meridionalis Karaman, 1924 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis melanoleuca Nichols, 1925 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia melanoleuca Nichols, 1925 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis melanoleuca melanoleuca Nichols, 1925 | synonym | senior | change in species |
Cobitis taenia sibirica (non Gladkov, 1935) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis granoei olivai (non Nalbant, Holcík & Pivnicka, 1970) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis simplicispina Hankó, 1925 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis turcica Hankó, 1925 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia turcica Hankó, 1925 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis dalmatina Karaman, 1928 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia dalmatina Karaman, 1928 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis narentana Karaman, 1928 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia narentana Karaman, 1928 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia ohridana Karaman, 1928 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis vardarensis Karaman, 1928 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia vardarensis Karaman, 1928 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis vardarensis vardarensis Karaman, 1928 | synonym | senior | change in species |
Cobitis maroccana Pellegrin, 1929 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia maroccana Pellegrin, 1929 | synonym | senior | original |
! Cobitis marrocana Pellegrin, 1929 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis paludica (de Buen, 1930) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthopsis taenia paludica de Buen, 1930 | synonym | senior | original |
! Cobitis taenia paludicola Berg, 1932 | ambiguous | other | original |
Cobitis taenia haasi Klausewitz, 1955 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis haasi Klausewitz, 1955 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Cobitis albicoloris Chichkoff, 1932 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis arenae (Lin, 1934) | accepted | senior | new |
Misgurnus arenae Lin, 1934 | synonym | senior | original |
Acantopsis arenae (Lin, 1934) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis lutheri Rendahl, 1935 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia lutheri Rendahl, 1935 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis taenia (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis satunini Gladkov, 1935 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia satunini Gladkov, 1935 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis sibirica Gladkov, 1935 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia sibirica Gladkov, 1935 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis taenia granoei Rendahl, 1935 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis granoei Rendahl, 1935 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Cobitis granoei olivai Nalbant, Holčík & Pivnička, 1970 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis taenia (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis striata Ikeda, 1936 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia striata Ikeda, 1936 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis striata striata Ikeda, 1936 | synonym | senior | change in species |
Cobitis striata fuchigamii Nakajima, 2012 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis striata hakataensis Nakajima, 2012 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis matsubarae Okada & Ikeda, 1939 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia matsubarae Okada & Ikeda, 1939 | synonym | senior | original |
! Cobitis matsubarai Okada & Ikeda, 1939 | synonym | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis bilseli Battalgil, 1942 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis phrygica Battalgazi, 1944 | accepted | senior | original |
! Cobitis phryigica Battalgazi, 1944 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis battalgili (non Băcescu, 1962) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis strumicae Karaman, 1955 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia strumicae Karaman, 1955 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis peschevi Sivkov & Dobrovolov, 1984 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis rhodopensis Vassilev, 1998 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis battalgilae Băcescu, 1962 | accepted | senior | original |
! Cobitis battalgili Băcescu, 1962 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis calderoni Băcescu, 1962 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis zanandreai Cavicchioli, 1965 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia zanandreai Cavicchioli, 1965 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis elongatoides Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia elongatoides Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis tanaitica Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis taenia tanaitica Băcescu & Mayer, 1969 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis rossomeridionalis Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 1998 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis takatsuensis Mizuno, 1970 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis trichonica Stephanidis, 1974 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis rara Chen, 1981 | accepted | senior | original |
! Cobitis rarus Chen, 1981 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis choii Kim & Son, 1984 | accepted | senior | original |
Iksookimia choii (Kim & Son, 1984) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis lebedevi Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 1985 | accepted | senior | original |
Ikssokimia lebedevi (Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 1985) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis elazigensis Coad & Sarieyyüpoglu, 1988 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis levantina Krupp & Moubayed, 1992 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis stephanidisi Economidis, 1992 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis megaspila Nalbant, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis arachthosensis Economidis & Nalbant, 1996 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis hellenica Economidis & Nalbant, 1996 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis punctilineata Economidis & Nalbant, 1996 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis vettonica Doadrio & Perdices, 1997 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis fahireae Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998 | accepted | senior | original |
! Cobitis fahirae Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis kellei Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis kurui Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis vardarensis kurui Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis puncticulata Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis rhodopensis Vassilev, 1998 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis splendens Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis pacifica Kim, Park & Nalbant, 1999 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis tetralineata Kim, Park & Nalbant, 1999 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis hankugensis Kim, Park, Son & Nalbant, 2003 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis ylengensis Ngô, 2003 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis guttata (Nguyen, 2005) | provisionally accepted | senior | new |
Acantopsis guttatus Nguyen, 2005 | synonym | senior | original |
! Cobitis guttatus (Nguyen, 2005) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis nuicocensis Nguyen & Vo, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis taurica Vasil'eva, Vasil'ev, Janko, Ráb & Rábová, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis zhejiangensis Son & He, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis pontica Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 2006 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis shikokuensis Suzawa, 2006 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis illyrica Freyhof & Stelbrink, 2007 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis evreni Erk'akan, Özeren & Nalbant, 2008 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis gladkovi Vasil'ev & Vasil'eva, 2008 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Cobitis melanoleuca gladkovi Vasil'ev & Vasil'eva, 2008 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis jadovaensis Mustafic & Mrakovčić, 2008 | accepted | senior | original |
! Cobitis jadovensis Mustafic & Mrakovčić, 2008 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis longitaeniatus Ngô, 2008 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis phongnhaensis Ngô, 2008 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis squataeniatus Ngô, 2008 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis faridpaki Mousavi-Sabet, Vasil'eva, Vatandoust & Vasil'ev, 2011 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis microcephala Chen & Chen, 2011 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis multimaculata Chen & Chen, 2011 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis amphilekta Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 2012 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis kaibarai Nakajima, 2012 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis keyvani Mousavi-Sabet, Yerli, Vatandoust, Özeren & Moradkhani, 2012 | accepted | senior | original |
! Cobitis keivani Mousavi-Sabet, Yerli, Vatandoust, Özeren & Moradkhani, 2012 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis magnostriata Nakajima, 2012 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis minamorii Nakajima, 2012 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis minamorii oumiensis Nakajima, 2012 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis minamorii tokaiensis Nakajima, 2012 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis minamorii saninensis Nakajima, 2012 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis minamorii yodoensis Nakajima, 2012 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis australis Chen, Chen & He, 2013 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis crassicauda Chen & Chen, 2013 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis fasciola Chen & Chen, 2013 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis stenocauda Chen & Chen, 2013 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis damlae Erk'akan & Özdemir, 2014 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis herzegoviniensis Buj & Šanda, 2014 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis avicennae Mousavi-Sabet, Vatandoust, Esmaeili, Geiger & Freyhof, 2015 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis leptosoma Chen, Sui, He & Chen, 2015 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis obtusirostra Chen, Sui, He & Chen, 2015 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis sakahoko Nakajima & Suzawa, 2015 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis wumingensis Chen, Sui, He & Chen, 2015 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis gracilis Chen & Chen, 2016 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis takenoi Nakajima, 2016 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis brevipinna (Chen & Chen, 2017) | accepted | senior | new |
Niwaella brevipinna Chen & Chen, 2017 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis dorademiri Erk'akan, Özdemir & Özeren, 2017 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis fimbriata (Chen & Chen, 2017) | accepted | senior | new |
Niwaella fimbriata Chen & Chen, 2017 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis nigrolinea (Chen & Chen, 2017) | accepted | senior | new |
Niwaella nigrolinea Chen & Chen, 2017 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis qujiangensis (Chen & Chen, 2017) | accepted | senior | new |
Niwaella qujiangensis Chen & Chen, 2017 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis sipahilerae Erk'akan, Özdemir & Özeren, 2017 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis afifeae Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis aliyeae Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis anabelae Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis brachysoma Chen & Chen, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis emrei Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis erkakanae Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis joergbohleni Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis oxycephala Chen & Chen, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis pirii Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis troasensis Freyhof, Bayçelebi & Geiger, 2018 | accepted | senior | original |
Misgurnus fossilis (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis fossilis Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original |
Petromizon variegatus Wulff, 1765 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis anguillicaudata Cantor, 1842 | synonym | senior | original |
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842) | synonym | senior | new |
Misgurnus fossilis anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842) | synonym | senior | new |
! Misgurnus aguillicadatus (Cantor, 1842) | synonym | senior | new |
! Nemachilus lividus Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus lividus (Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874) | synonym | junior | new |
Nemacheilus lividus Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus crossochilus Sauvage, 1878 | synonym | junior | original |
Ussuria leptocephala Nikolskii, 1903 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus mizolepis grangeri Nichols, 1925 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus mohoity leopardus Nichols, 1925 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus mohoity yunnan Nichols, 1925 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus punctatus Oshima, 1926 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus mizolepis punctatus Oshima, 1926 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Misgurnus mizolepis unicolor Lin, 1932 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus elongatus Kimura, 1934 | synonym | senior | original |
Misgurnus mizolepis elongatus Kimura, 1934 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Cobitis fossilis (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis fossilis mohoity (non Dybowski, 1869) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Misgurnus mohoity (non Dybowski, 1869) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Misgurnus mizolepis (non Günther, 1888) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Misgurnus mizolepis multimaculatus (non Rendahl, 1944) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Misgurnus mohoity (Dybowski, 1869) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis fossilis mohoity Dybowski, 1869 | synonym | senior | original |
Nemacheilus bipartitus Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus bipartitus (Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874) | synonym | junior | new |
Misgurnus cestoideus Kessler, 1876 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus mizolepis Günther, 1888 | accepted | senior | original |
Misgurnus mizolepis mizolepis Günther, 1888 | synonym | senior | change in rank |
Misgurnus mizolepis fukien Nichols, 1925 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus mizolepis hainan Nichols & Pope, 1927 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus tonkinensis Rendahl, 1937 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Misgurnus mizolepis tonkinensis Rendahl, 1937 | synonym | senior | original |
Misgurnus multimaculatus Rendahl, 1944 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Misgurnus mizolepis multimaculatus Rendahl, 1944 | synonym | senior | original |
Misgurnus buphoensis Kim & Park, 1995 | accepted | senior | original |
Misgurnus nikolskyi Vasil'eva, 2001 | accepted | senior | original |
Acantopsis dialuzona Van Hasselt, 1823 | accepted | senior | original |
! Acanthopsis biaculeata Rüppell, 1852 | synonym | other | original |
Acantopsis biaculeata Rüppell, 1852 | synonym | other | original |
Cobitis choirorhynchos Bleeker, 1854 | synonym | junior | original |
Acantopsis choirorhynchos (Bleeker, 1854) | synonym | junior | new |
! Acanthopsis choerorhynchus (Bleeker, 1854) | synonym | junior | new |
! Acanthopsis choirorhynchos (Bleeker, 1854) | synonym | junior | new |
! Acanthopsis choirorhynchus (Bleeker, 1854) | synonym | junior | new |
! Acanthopsis choirorrhynchus (Bleeker, 1854) | synonym | junior | new |
Cobitis macrorhynchos Bleeker, 1854 | synonym | junior | original |
Acantopsis spectabilis (Blyth, 1860) | accepted | senior | new |
Prostheacanthus spectabilis Blyth, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
! Acanthopsis spectabilis (Blyth, 1860) | synonym | senior | new |
Acantopsis octoactinotos SIebert, 1991 | accepted | senior | original |
Acantopsis thiemmedhi Sontirat, 1999 | accepted | senior | original |
Acantopsis multistigmatus Vishwanath & Laisram, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Acantopsis dinema Boyd & Page, 2017 | accepted | senior | original |
Acantopsis ioa Boyd & Page, 2017 | accepted | senior | original |
Acantopsis rungthipae Boyd, Nithirojpakdee & Page, 2017 | accepted | senior | original |
Canthophrys gongota (Hamilton, 1822) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis gongota Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | senior | original |
Somileptes gongota (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
Somileptus gongota (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
! Somileptis gongota (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis cucura Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis oculata McClelland, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Canthophrys bispinosa Swainson, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Somileptes bispinosa (Swainson, 1839) | synonym | junior | new |
Canthophrys albescens Swainson, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis amnicola Valenciennes, 1846 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalus macrochir (Bleeker, 1854) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis macrochir Bleeker, 1854 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys pallens Vaillant, 1902 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalus pallens (Vaillant, 1902) | synonym | junior | new |
Acantophthalmus pahangensis de Beaufort, 1933 | synonym | junior | original |
Acantophthalmus pahangensis pahangensis de Beaufort, 1933 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Cobitis pahangensis (de Beaufort, 1933) | synonym | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus pahangensis (de Beaufort, 1933) | synonym | junior | new |
! Acanthophthalmus pahangensis pahangensis de Beaufort, 1933 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Lepidocephalus spectrum Roberts, 1989 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus nanensis Deein, Tangjitjaroen & Page, 2014 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio pangia (Hamilton, 1822) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis pangia Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | senior | original |
Acanthophthalmus pangia (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
! Pangio pangio (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis cinnamomea McClelland, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Pangia cinnamomea (McClelland, 1839) | synonym | junior | new |
Canthophrys rubiginosus Swainson, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Apua fusca (non Blyth, 1860) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pangio kuhlii (Valenciennes, 1846) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis kuhlii Valenciennes, 1846 | synonym | senior | original |
Acanthophthalmus kuhlii (Valenciennes, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
! Acanthophtalmus kuhli (Valenciennes, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
! Acanthophthalmus kuhli (Valenciennes, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus fasciatus van Hasselt, 1823 | synonym | other | original |
! Acantophthalmus fasciatus van Hasselt, 1823 | synonym | other | original |
Acanthophthalmus fasciatus Bleeker, 1860 | synonym | junior | original |
Pangio fasciatus (Bleeker, 1860) | synonym | junior | new |
Acanthophthalmus semicinctus Fraser-Brunner, 1940 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Pangio semicincta (Fraser-Brunner, 1940) | ambiguous | questionable | new |
Pangio semicinctus (Fraser-Brunner, 1940) | ambiguous | questionable | new |
! Acanthopthalmus semicinctus Fraser-Brunner, 1940 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Acanthophthalmus kuhlii sumatranus Fraser-Brunner, 1940 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Acanthophthalmus sumatranus Fraser-Brunner, 1940 | ambiguous | questionable | change in rank |
Pangio sumatrana (Fraser-Brunner, 1940) | ambiguous | questionable | new |
Acanthophthalmus myersi (non Harry, 1949) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pangio myersi (non Harry, 1949) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pangio oblonga (Valenciennes, 1846) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis oblonga Valenciennes, 1846 | synonym | senior | original |
Acantophthalmus oblongus (Valenciennes, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
! Pangio oblongus (Valenciennes, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
Acantophthalmus javanicus van Hasselt, 1823 | ambiguous | other | original |
Acanthophthalmus javanicus Bleeker, 1860 | synonym | junior | original |
Pangio javanicus (Bleeker, 1860) | synonym | junior | new |
Acanthophthalmus pangia (non Hamilton, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Cobitis pangia (non Hamilton, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pangio pangia (non Hamilton, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pangio fusca (Blyth, 1860) | accepted | senior | new |
Apua fusca Blyth, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio doriae (Perugia, 1892) | accepted | senior | new |
Eucirrhichthys doriae Perugia, 1892 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio borneensis (Boulenger, 1894) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus borneensis Boulenger, 1894 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902) | accepted | senior | new |
Acantophthalmus anguillaris Vaillant, 1902 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitophis anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902) | synonym | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus vermicularis Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitophis perakensis Herre, 1940 | synonym | junior | original |
Pangio shelfordii (Popta, 1903) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus shelfordii Popta, 1903 | synonym | senior | original |
! Acanthophthalmus shelfordi Popta, 1903 | synonym | senior | original |
! Acanthopthalmus shelfordi Popta, 1903 | synonym | senior | original |
! Pangio shelfordi (Popta, 1903) | synonym | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus muraeniformis (non de Beaufort, 1933) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pangio muraeniformis (non de Beaufort, 1933) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pangio muraeniformis (de Beaufort, 1933) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus muraeniformis de Beaufort, 1933 | synonym | senior | original |
! Pangio muraeniforme (de Beaufort, 1933) | synonym | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus shelfordii (non Popta, 1903) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Pangio shelfordi (non Popta, 1903) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pangio semicincta (Fraser-Brunner, 1940) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus semicinctus Fraser-Brunner, 1940 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio semicinctus (Fraser-Brunner, 1940) | synonym | senior | new |
Pangio kuhlii (non Valenciennes, 1846) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Pangio myersi (Harry, 1949) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus myersi Harry, 1949 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio malayana (Tweedie, 1956) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus kuhlii malayanus Tweedie, 1956 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio cuneovirgata (Raut, 1957) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus cuneovirgatus Raut, 1957 | synonym | senior | original |
Acanthophthalmus robiginosus Raut, 1957 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Pangio robiginosa (Raut, 1957) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus robiginosus Raut, 1957 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio mariarum (Inger & Chin, 1962) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus mariarum Inger & Chin, 1962 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio goaensis (Tilak, 1972) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus goaensis Tilak, 1972 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio superba (Roberts, 1989) | accepted | senior | new |
Acantophthalmus superbus Roberts, 1989 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio agma (Burridge, 1992) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus agmus Burridge, 1992 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio longipinnis (Menon, 1992) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus longipinnis Menon, 1992 | synonym | senior | original |
Pangio alcoides Kottelat & Lim, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio alternans Kottelat & Lim, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio filinaris Kottelat & Lim, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio incognito Kottelat & Lim, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio piperata Kottelat & Lim, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio pulla Kottelat & Lim, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio apoda Britz & Maclaine, 2007 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio elongata Britz & Maclaine, 2007 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio lumbriciformis Britz & Maclaine, 2007 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio signicauda Britz & Maclaine, 2007 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio atactos Tan & Kottelat, 2009 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio bitaimac Tan & Kottelat, 2009 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio lidi Hadiaty & Kottelat, 2009 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio longimanus Britz & Kottelat, 2010 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio ammophila Britz, Ali & Raghavan, 2012 | accepted | senior | original |
Pangio bhujia Anoop, Britz, Arjun, Dahanukar & Raghavan, 2019 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys hasselti (Valenciennes, 1846) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis hasselti Valenciennes, 1846 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus hasselti (Valenciennes, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis octocirrhus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalus octocirrhus (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823) | synonym | junior | new |
Lepidocephalus taeniatus Fowler, 1939 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis guntea Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus guntea (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
! Lepidocephalus gontea (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
! Lepidocephalus guntia (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis balgara Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys balgara (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | junior | new |
Lepidocephalichthys guntea balgara (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | junior | new |
Lepidocephalus guntea balgara (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | junior | new |
Schistura balgara (Hamilton, 1822) | synonym | junior | new |
Cobitis guttata McClelland, 1839 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Nemacheilus guttatus (McClelland, 1839) | ambiguous | questionable | new |
Cobitis phoxocheila McClelland, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
! Cobitis phoxochelia McClelland, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Canthophrys olivaceus Swainson, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
! Canthophrys olivaceous Swainson, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Canthophrys vittatus Swainson, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis maya Sykes, 1839 | synonym | junior | original |
Misgurnus lateralis Günther, 1868 | synonym | junior | original |
Schistura aculeata McClelland, 1939 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalus dibruensis Sen, 1979 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys nepalensis Shrestha, 1980 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalus nepalensis (Shrestha, 1980) | synonym | junior | new |
Lepidocephalus octocirrhus (non Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Lepidocephalus guntea birmanicus (non Rendahl, 1948) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Valenciennes, 1846) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis thermalis Valenciennes, 1846 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus thermalis (Valenciennes, 1846) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis carnaticus Jerdon, 1849 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis mysorensis Jerdon, 1849 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis rubripinnis Jerdon, 1849 | synonym | junior | original |
Platacanthus agrensis Day, 1865 | synonym | junior | original |
Platacanthus maculatus Day, 1868 | synonym | junior | original |
Enobarbichthys maculatus (Day, 1868) | synonym | junior | new |
Enobarbus maculatus (Day, 1868) | synonym | junior | new |
Jerdonia maculata (Day, 1868) | synonym | junior | new |
! Enobarbichthys maculata (Day, 1868) | synonym | junior | new |
Lepidocephalichthys barbatuloides (Bleeker, 1851) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis barbatuloides Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei (Blyth, 1860) | accepted | senior | new |
! Acanthopis berdmorei Blyth, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
Acanthopsis berdmorei Blyth, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis berdmorei (Blyth, 1860) | synonym | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus berdmorei (Blyth, 1860) | synonym | senior | new |
! Lepidocephalichthys bredmori (Blyth, 1860) | synonym | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus cataractus Fowler, 1939 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalus guntea birmanicus (non Rendahl, 1948) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Lepidocephalichthys micropogon (Blyth, 1860) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthopis micropogon Blyth, 1860 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys annandalei Chaudhuri, 1912 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus annandalei (Chaudhuri, 1912) | synonym | senior | new |
Lepidocephalichthys menoni Pillai & Yazdani, 1976 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalus menoni (Pillai & Yazdani, 1976) | synonym | junior | new |
Lepidocephalus berdmorei (non Blyth, 1860) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Lepidocephalichthys goalparensis (non Pillai & Yazdani, 1976) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Lepidocephalichthys lorentzi (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus lorentzi Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys irrorata Hora, 1921 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus irrorata (Hora, 1921) | synonym | senior | new |
Lepidocephalichthys furcatus (de Beaufort, 1933) | accepted | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus furcatus de Beaufort, 1933 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys birmanicus (Rendahl, 1948) | accepted | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus guntea birmanicus Rendahl, 1948 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus birmanicus Rendahl, 1948 | synonym | senior | change in rank |
Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi (Deraniyagala, 1956) | accepted | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus jonklaasi Deraniyagala, 1956 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys goalparensis Pillai & Yazdani, 1976 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalus goalparensis (Pillai & Yazdani, 1976) | synonym | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus caudofurcatus Tilak & Husain, 1978 | synonym | junior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys arunachalensis (Datta & Barman, 1984) | accepted | senior | new |
Noemacheilus arunachalensis Datta & Barman, 1984 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys coromandelensis (Menon, 1992) | accepted | senior | new |
Lepidocephalus coromandelensis Menon, 1992 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys tomaculum Kottelat & Lim, 1992 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys manipurensis Arunkumar, 2000 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys alkaia Havird & Page, 2010 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys kranos Havird & Page, 2010 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys zeppelini Havird & Tangjitjaroen, 2010 | accepted | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys eleios Kottelat, 2017 | accepted | senior | original |
Paramisgurnus dabryanus Dabry de Thiersant, 1872 | accepted | senior | original |
Paramisgurnus dabryanus Sauvage, 1878 | ambiguous | other | original |
Misgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage, 1878) | ambiguous | other | new |
! Paramisgurnus dabryamus Sauvage, 1878 | ambiguous | homonym | original |
Sabanejewia balcanica (Karaman, 1922) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis balcanica Karaman, 1922 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis aurata balcanica Karaman, 1922 | synonym | senior | change in rank |
Sabanejewia aurata balcanica (Karaman, 1922) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis montana Vladykov, 1925 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis aurata radnensis Bănărescu, Müller & Nalbant, 1960 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis aurata bosniaca Karaman, 1963 | synonym | junior | original |
Sabanejewia aurata kubanica Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 1988 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Sabanejewia aurata doiranica Economidis & Nalbant, 1996 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Sabanejewia aurata thrakica Economidis & Nalbant, 1996 | ambiguous | questionable | original |
Cobitis aurata (non De Filippi, 1863) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis aralensis (non Kessler, 1877) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis hohenackeri (non Kessler, 1877) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Cobitis aurata vallachica (non Nalbant, 1957) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sabanejewia aurata baltica (non Witkowski, 1994) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sabanejewia caspia (Eichwald, 1838) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis caspia Eichwald, 1838 | synonym | senior | original |
Sabanejewia larvata (De Filippi, 1859) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis larvata De Filippi, 1859 | synonym | senior | original |
! Sabenejewia larvata (De Filippi, 1859) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis taenia conspersa Cantoni, 1882 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis conspersa Cantoni, 1882 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Sabanejewia aurata (De Filippi, 1863) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis aurata De Filippi, 1863 | synonym | senior | original |
Sabanejewia aurata aurata (De Filippi, 1863) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis hohenackeri Kessler, 1877 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis aralensis Kessler, 1877 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis aurata aralensis Kessler, 1877 | synonym | junior | change in rank |
Sabanejewia aurata aralensis (Kessler, 1877) | synonym | junior | new |
Sabanejewia caucasica (Berg, 1906) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis caucasica Berg, 1906 | synonym | senior | original |
Sabanejewia bulgarica (Drensky, 1928) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis bulgarica Drensky, 1928 | synonym | senior | original |
Sabanejewia aurata bulgarica (Dresky, 1928) | synonym | senior | new |
Cobitis taenia tesselatus Pietschmann, 1937 | synonym | junior | original |
Cobitis albicoloris (non Chichkoff, 1932) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Sabanejewia romanica (Băcescu, 1943) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis caspia romanica Băcescu, 1943 | synonym | senior | original |
Cobitis romanica Băcescu, 1943 | synonym | senior | change in rank |
Sabanejewia vallachica (Nalbant, 1957) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis aurata vallachica Nalbant, 1957 | synonym | senior | original |
Sabanejewia kubanica Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 1988 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Sabanejewia aurata kubanica Vasil'eva & Vasil'ev, 1988 | synonym | senior | original |
Sabanejewia baltica Witkowski, 1994 | accepted | senior | change in rank |
Sabanejewia aurata baltica Witkowski, 1994 | synonym | senior | original |
Acanthopsoides gracilis Fowler, 1934 | accepted | senior | original |
Acanthopsoides gracilentus (Smith, 1945) | accepted | senior | new |
Neacanthopsis gracilentus Smith, 1945 | synonym | senior | original |
Acanthopsoides delphax Siebert, 1991 | accepted | senior | original |
Aperioptus delphax (Siebert, 1991) | synonym | senior | new |
Acanthopsoides hapalias Siebert, 1991 | accepted | senior | original |
Acanthopsoides gracilis (non Fowler, 1934) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Acanthopsoides molobrion (non Siebert, 1991) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Acanthopsoides molobrion Siebert, 1991 | accepted | senior | original |
Acanthopsoides robertsi Siebert, 1991 | accepted | senior | original |
Acanthopsoides namromensis Nguyen, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Paralepidocephalus yui Tchang, 1935 | accepted | senior | original |
! Paralepidocephalus jui Tchang, 1935 | synonym | senior | original |
Paralepidocephalus guishanensis Li, 2004 | accepted | senior | original |
Niwaella delicata (Niwa, 1937) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis delicata Niwa, 1937 | synonym | senior | original |
Niwaella multifasciata (Wakiya & Mori, 1929) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis multifasciata Wakiya & Mori, 1929 | synonym | senior | original |
Niwaella laterimaculata (Yan & Zheng, 1984) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis laterimaculata Yan & Zheng, 1984 | synonym | senior | original |
Niwaella longibarba Chen & Chen, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Niwaella xinjiangensis Chen & Chen, 2005 | accepted | senior | original |
Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli Bănărescu & Nalbant, 1968 | accepted | senior | original |
Iksookimia koreensis (Kim, 1975) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis koreensis Kim, 1975 | synonym | senior | original |
Iksookimia longicorpa (Kim, Choi & Nalbant, 1976) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis longicorpus Kim, Choi & Nalbant, 1976 | synonym | senior | original |
! Iksookimia longicorpus (Kim, Choi & Nalbant, 1976) | synonym | senior | new |
Iksookimia pumila (Kim & Lee, 1987) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis koreensis pumilus Kim & Lee, 1987 | synonym | senior | original |
Iksookimia hugowolfeldi Nalbant, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Iksookimia yongdokensis Kim & Park, 1997 | accepted | senior | original |
Iksookimia longicorpus (non Kim, Choi & Nalbant, 1976) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Protocobitis typhlops Yang, Chen & Lan, 1993 | accepted | senior | original |
Protocobitis polylepis Zhu, Lü, Yang & Zhang, 2008 | accepted | senior | original |
Protocobitis anteroventris Lan, 2013 | accepted | senior | original |
Kottelatlimia katik (Kottelat & Lim, 1992) | accepted | senior | new |
Lepidocephalichthys katik Kottelat & Lim, 1992 | synonym | senior | original |
Kottelatlimia pristes (Roberts, 1989) | accepted | senior | new |
Lepidocephalichthys pristes Roberts, 1989 | synonym | senior | original |
Kottelatlimia hipporhynchos Kottelat & Tan, 2008 | accepted | senior | original |
Koreocobitis rotundicaudata (Wakiya & Mori, 1929) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis rotundicaudata Wakiya & Mori, 1929 | synonym | senior | original |
Iksookimia rotundicaudata (Wakiya & Mori, 1929) | synonym | senior | new |
Koreocobitis naktongensis Kim, Park & Nalbant, 2000 | accepted | senior | original |
Cobitis rotundicaudata (non Wakiya & Mori, 1929) | misapplied | misapplied | original |
Iksookimia rotundicaudata (non Wakiya & Mori, 1929) | misapplied | misapplied | new |
Kichulchoia brevifasciata (Kim & Lee, 1995) | accepted | senior | new |
Niwaella brevifasciata Kim & Lee, 1995 | synonym | senior | original |
Bibarba bibarba Chen & Chen, 2007 | accepted | senior | original |
Bibarba parvoculus Wu, Yang & Xiu, 2015 | accepted | senior | original |
Microcobitis misgurnoides (Rendahl, 1944) | accepted | senior | new |
Cobitis misgurnoides Rendahl, 1944 | synonym | senior | original |
Theriodes sandakanensis (Inger & Chin, 1962) | accepted | senior | new |
Acanthophthalmus sandakanensis Inger & Chin, 1962 | synonym | senior | original |
Lepidocephalichthys sandakanensis (Inger & Chin, 1962) | synonym | senior | new |