Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; reef-associated; depth range 3 - 30 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 37°N - 33°S, 32°E - 168°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa (including the south coast of South Africa, Ref. 4919) to Indonesia, north to southern Japan.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 37.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 116289); max. published weight: 775.00 g (Ref. 116289)
Inhabits weedy areas, often in estuaries; seagrass beds (Ref. 41878) and mangrove areas in 1-1.5 m. Solitary (Ref. 90102). Specimens caught by trawling over silty bottoms in 17 m. (Ref. 9137).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Randall, J.E., 1985. On the validity of the tetraodontid fish Arothron manilensis (Procé). Jap. J. Ichthyol. 32(3):347-354. (Ref. 5170)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Poisonous to eat (Ref. 393)
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 29.3, mean 28.5 °C (based on 3402 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03236 (0.02033 - 0.05151), b=2.82 (2.69 - 2.95), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.24 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.4 [19.1, 104.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.647 [0.341, 1.401] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.1, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.104 [0.052, 0.201] g/100g; Selenium = 33.7 [16.3, 75.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 37.6 [9.8, 143.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.44 [0.95, 2.28] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.