Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 9 - 46 m (Ref. 2850), usually 9 - 12 m (Ref. 2850). Subtropical; 13°C - 19°C (Ref. 131056); 39°N - 26°N, 124°W - 113°W
Eastern Pacific: Timber Cove, Sonoma County in central California, USA to central Baja California, Mexico.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 42.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 2850); max. reported age: 20 years (Ref. 39277)
Short description
Identification keys | Morphology | Morphometrics
Usually found on or near bottom in kelp beds or rocky areas (Ref. 2850). A solitary and nocturnal fish. (Ref. 131056). Viviparous, with planktonic larvae (Ref. 36715).
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; aquarium: public aquariums
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.8 - 19, mean 16.7 °C (based on 63 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00495 - 0.02022), b=3.09 (2.92 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.48 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (tmax=25; tm=4;).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 63.6 [20.0, 201.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.683 [0.269, 1.834] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.3, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.601 [0.260, 1.453] g/100g; Selenium = 52.9 [19.5, 171.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15 [5, 41] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.631 [0.321, 1.206] mg/100g (wet weight);