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Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pike-perch
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Pictures | Videos | Sounds | Stamps, coins, misc. | Images Google
Sander lucioperca
Picture by Zienert, S.
Pictures | Videos | Sounds | Stamps, coins, misc. | Images Google
Picture by Zienert, S.
Slovenia country information
Common names:
Smuc, Smuč
Occurrence: introduced
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Population has declined due to pollution and habitat destruction. Conservation measures include habitat protection and artificial spawning grounds (Ref. 90061). Also Ref. 13686. Status of threat: endangered (Ref. 90061).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/si.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Povz, M., 1996
National Database:
Occurrence: introduced
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Population has declined due to pollution and habitat destruction. Conservation measures include habitat protection and artificial spawning grounds (Ref. 90061). Also Ref. 13686. Status of threat: endangered (Ref. 90061).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/si.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Povz, M., 1996
National Database:
Common names from other countries
Classification / Names Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Écologie
; eau douce; saumâtre pélagique; potamodrome (Ref. 51243); profondeur 2 - 30 m (Ref. 30578), usually 2 - 3 m (Ref. 27368). Temperate; 6°C - 22°C (Ref. 2059); 67°N - 36°N, 1°W - 75°E
Distribution Pays | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri
Europe and Asia: Caspian, Baltic, Black and Aral Sea basins; Elbe (North Sea basin) and Maritza (Aegean basin) drainages. North to about 65° N in Finland. Introduced widely (Ref. 59043). Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (Ref. 1739).
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 37.2, range 28 - 46 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 59043); common length : 50.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 556); poids max. publié: 20.0 kg (Ref. 40476); âge max. reporté: 17 années (Ref. 59043)
Max length : 100.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 59043); common length : 50.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 556); poids max. publié: 20.0 kg (Ref. 40476); âge max. reporté: 17 années (Ref. 59043)
Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie
Épines dorsales (Total) : 13 - 20; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 18 - 24; Épines anales: 2 - 3; Rayons mous anaux: 10 - 14; Vertèbres: 45 - 47. Distinguished from congeners in Europe by the following combination of characters: 1-2 enlarged canine teeth in anterior part of each jaw; second dorsal fin with 18-22½ branched rays; and 80-97 scales on lateral line (Ref. 59043).
Adults inhabit large, turbid rivers and eutrophic lakes, brackish coastal lakes and estuaries. Feed mainly on gregarious, pelagic fishes. They attain first sexual maturity at 3-10 years of age, usually at 4. Undertake short spawning migrations. Individuals foraging in brackish water move to freshwater habitats. Migrations up to 250 km have been recorded. Homing is well developed, even nearby populations may be relatively isolated. Spawn in pairs at dawn or night. Spawning occurs in April-May, exceptional from late February until July, depending on latitude and altitude when temperatures reach 10-14° C on spawning grounds (Ref. 59043). Popularly fished by sport fishers. Its flesh is succulent (Ref. 30578). Utilized fresh or frozen and eaten steamed, broiled and microwaved (Ref. 9988). An individual weighing 19 kg was reportedly caught in 1959 in Starnberger, Bavaria, Germany (Peter Admicka, pers. Comm. E-mail: peter.adamicka@oeaw.ac.at).
Life cycle and mating behavior Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
The spawning places are over gravel in moving water (Ref. 205). "Males are territorial and excavate shallow depressions about 50 cm in diameter and 5-10 cm deep in sand or gravel, or among exposed plant roots on which eggs are deposited, usually in turbid water and at 1-3 m depth. Spawn in pairs, at dawn or night. The female remains over the nest while the male circles rapidly around, at about 1 meter from the nest. Then male takes a vertical orientation and both swim around swiftly, and eggs and sperm are released, The female leaves the nest after all eggs are released. The male defends the nest and fans the eggs with his pectorals. Females spawn once a year, laying all the eggs at one time (Ref. 88075). Feeding larvae are positively phototactic and feed on pelagic organisms after they leave the nest for open water" (Ref. 59043).
Référence principale
Upload your references | Références | Coordinateur | Collaborateurs
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Préoccupation mineure (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 January 2008
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; Aquaculture: commercial; pêche sportive: oui; Aquarium: Aquariums publics
FAO(Aquaculture systems: production, Résumé espèce; pêcheries: production, Résumé espèce; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Plus d'informations
Trophic ecology
Éléments du régime alimentaire
Composition du régime alimentaire
Consommation alimentaire
Food rations
Prédateurs
Éléments du régime alimentaire
Composition du régime alimentaire
Consommation alimentaire
Food rations
Prédateurs
Population dynamics
Paramètres de croissance
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Fréquences de longueurs
Mass conversion
Recrutement
Abondance
Paramètres de croissance
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Fréquences de longueurs
Mass conversion
Recrutement
Abondance
Life cycle
Reproduction
Maturité
Fécondité
Frai
Spawning aggregations
Œufs
Développement de l'œuf
Larves
Dynamique des populations larvaires
Reproduction
Maturité
Fécondité
Frai
Spawning aggregations
Œufs
Développement de l'œuf
Larves
Dynamique des populations larvaires
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Consommation d'oxygène
Type de nage
Vitesse de nage
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Consommation d'oxygène
Type de nage
Vitesse de nage
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Profils d'aquaculture
Souches
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Aquaculture systems
Profils d'aquaculture
Souches
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Outils
Bio-Quiz | E-book | Guide de terrain | Clés d'identification | Générateur de fréquences de longueur | Outil de dynamique de population | Carte par point | Classification Tree
| Catch-MSY |
Articles particuliers
Télécharger en XML
Sources Internet
Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | Faunafri | Fishtrace | GenBank(génôme, nucléotide) | GloBI | GOBASE | | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Bases de données nationales | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Aquariums publics | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Scirus | SeaLifeBase | Arbre de Vie | Wikipedia(aller à, chercher) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00495 - 0.00700), b=3.12 (3.07 - 3.17), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref. 69278): 4.0 ±0.78 se; based on food items.
Résilience (Ref. 120179): Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.10-0.24; tmax=16; Fecundity=10,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (62 of 100).