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Cypriniformes (Carps) >
Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) > Cyprininae
Etymology: Carassius: Latinization of , karass, karausche, European crucian carp (Ref. 45335); auratus: From the words carassius--Latin of karass (common name for these fishes in Eurasia) and auratus, meaning gilded (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
বাস্তুসংস্থান
; স্বাদু পানি; ঈষৎ লোনা সমুদতলে ভাসমান বেনথোপেলাজিক ; pH range: 6.0 - 8.0; dH range: 5 - 19; পোটামোড্রোমাস (Ref. 51243); গভীরতার পরিসীমা 0 - 20 m (Ref. 6898). Subtropical; 0°C - 41°C (Ref. 35682); 53°N - 22°N
Asia: native in East Asia, China and Japan (Ref. 6390). Introduced elsewhere. throughout the world with reported adverse ecological impact after introduction.
আকৃতি / ওজন / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 48.0 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 27549); common length : 10.0 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 9987); সবের্াচ্চ প্রকাশিত ওজন : 1.6 kg (Ref. 128900); সর্বোচ্চ উলি্ল্লখিত বয়স : 41 বৎসর (Ref. 72468)
পৃষ্ঠীয় কাঁটা (মোট ) : 3 - 4; পৃষ্ঠীয় নরম পাখনা দন্ড (মোট ) : 14 - 20; পায়ূ কাঁটা : 2 - 3; পায়ূর নরম পাখনা্তুন্ড: 4 - 7; কশেরুকা : 30. Body stout, thick-set, caudal peduncle thick and short (Ref. 1998). Head without scales (Ref. 39167, 1998), broadly triangular (Ref. 1998), interorbital space broad, snout longer than eye diameter, maxillary reaching posterior nostril or not quite to eye (Ref. 39166), barbels lacking on upper jaw (Ref. 39104, 1998). Lateral line complete. Dorsal and anal fins with serrate bony spines, pelvic fins short, broad and thoracic. Nuptial tubercles of male fine, on opercle, sometimes on back and a few on pectoral fins. Hybridize readily with carp, hybrids intermediate in most characteristics (Ref. 1998). Caudal fin with 17-19 rays (Ref. 2196). Last simple anal ray osseous and serrated posteriorly; no barbels (Ref. 43281). Pigmentation: Wild-caught specimens, olive brown (Ref. 39168, 39104), slate olive, olive green, with a bronze sheen (Ref. 39104), silvery, grayish yellowish, gray-silver (Ref. 39169), through gold (often with black blotches) to creamy white (Ref. 1998); yellowish white or white below. Cultured forms vary through scarlet, red-pink, silver, brown, white, black and combinations of these colors (Ref. 39104).
Inhabit rivers, lakes, ponds and ditches (Ref. 5258, 10294) with stagnant or slow-flowing water (Ref. 30578). Occur in eutrophic waters, well vegetated ponds and canals (Ref. 59043). Live better in cold water. Feed mainly on plankton, benthic invertebrates, plant material and detritus (Ref. 59043). Goldfish lay eggs on submerged vegetation. Females spawn multiple times during the spawning period (Ref. 88808). Oviparous, with pelagic larvae. They last long in captivity (Ref. 7248). Maximum recorded salinity is 17 ppt (Ref. 39171), but unable to withstand prolonged exposure above 15 ppt (Ref. 39172, 39174). Used as an experimental species (Ref. 4537). Valued as ornamental fish for ponds and aquaria; edible but rarely eaten (Ref. 9987). Aquarium keeping: in groups of 5 or more individuals; minimum aquarium size 100 cm (Ref. 51539). Reported individual hooked by an angler in a lake in Poole, Dorset measured 40 cm (16 in), weighing 2.3 kg (Practical Fishkeeping, 2010).
Cold water temperatures during the winter months are necessary for proper ova development (Ref. 44091). Spawning takes place in shallow water among weeds, often where willow roots grow exposed in water (Ref. 39171), also meadows inundated by spring flood (Ref. 39176). Spawning activity begin just before dawn (Ref. 39168), to midafternoon (Ref. 39177). Individual fish spawn 3-10 lots of eggs at intervals of 8-10 days (Ref. 39180). Juveniles need high temperature to grow. Eggs are sticky, attached to water plants or submerged objects (Ref. 59043). Females spawn multiple times during the spawning period (Ref. 88808).
Kottelat, M., A.J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari and S. Wirjoatmodjo, 1993. Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 221 p. (Ref. 7050)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
CITES (Ref. 131153)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Potential pest
Human uses
মৎস্য: বাণিজ্যিক; এ্যাকুয়াকালচার (জলজ পালন) : বাণিজ্যিক; শিকারযোগ্য মাছ: হঁ্যা ; মৎস্যাধার / এ্যাকুয়ারিয়াম : অত্যন্ত বাণিজ্যিক ; স্পশর্ী : occasionally
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ইন্টারনেট সুত্র
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.01104 - 0.01503), b=3.04 (3.00 - 3.08), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
ট্রফিক পর্যায়ে (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
স্থিতিস্থাপক (Ref.
120179): মাধ্যম , সর্বনিম্ন প্রজন দ্বিগুনের সময় ১.৪-৪.৪ বৎসর (K=0.17; tm=1; tmax=30).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).