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Boreogadus saida (Lepechin, 1774)
Polar cod
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Boreogadus saida AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Boreogadus saida
Picture by Dolgov, A.
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Picture by Dolgov, A.
Russian Federation country information
Common names:
Polyarnaya treska, Polar cod, Saika
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: Morrow, J.E., 1980
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Migrates inshore to spawn. Forms large aggregations in the coastal waters and river mouths (Northern Dvina, Pesha and Indiga river (Ref. 26334). The commercial catch mostly used for animal food (Ref. 27547). Also Ref. 1371, 6793, 123027. Barents, Pechora, Kara, Leptev and East-Siberian seas (Ref. 117985).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Reshetnikov, Y.S., N.G. Bogutskaya, E.D. Vasil'eva, E.A. Dorofeeva, A.M. Naseka, O.A. Popova, K.A. Savvaitova, V.G. Sideleva and L.I. Sokolov, 1997
National Database:
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: Morrow, J.E., 1980
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Migrates inshore to spawn. Forms large aggregations in the coastal waters and river mouths (Northern Dvina, Pesha and Indiga river (Ref. 26334). The commercial catch mostly used for animal food (Ref. 27547). Also Ref. 1371, 6793, 123027. Barents, Pechora, Kara, Leptev and East-Siberian seas (Ref. 117985).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Reshetnikov, Y.S., N.G. Bogutskaya, E.D. Vasil'eva, E.A. Dorofeeva, A.M. Naseka, O.A. Popova, K.A. Savvaitova, V.G. Sideleva and L.I. Sokolov, 1997
National Database:
Common names from other countries
分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei > Gadiformes (Cods) 鱈形目 (Cods) > Gadidae (Cods and haddocks) 鱈科 (Cods and haddocks)
Etymology: Boreogadus: Greek, boreas = north wind + Latin, gadus = a fish, cod? (Ref. 45335).
Etymology: Boreogadus: Greek, boreas = north wind + Latin, gadus = a fish, cod? (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 12074); 深度上下限 0 - 1383 m (Ref. 58426), usually 0 - 400 m (Ref. 1371). 極; -2°C - 8°C (Ref. 96379); 87°N - 52°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 1371)
分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri
Circumpolar in the Arctic. North Atlantic: White Sea, Iceland, and southern Greenland into the Miramichi River, New Brunswick in Canada. North Pacific: Bering Sea to Cape Olyutorski, the Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay.
在北極圈的極地附近。 北大西洋: 進入 Miramichi 河，加拿大的新布蘭斯維克之內的白海，冰島與格陵蘭南部。 北太平洋: 白令海到岬 Olyutorski ， Pribilof 島與布里斯多海灣。
在北極圈的極地附近。 北大西洋: 進入 Miramichi 河，加拿大的新布蘭斯維克之內的白海，冰島與格陵蘭南部。 北太平洋: 白令海到岬 Olyutorski ， Pribilof 島與布里斯多海灣。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1371); common length : 25.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1371); 最大年齡: 7 年 (Ref. 1371)
Max length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1371); common length : 25.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1371); 最大年齡: 7 年 (Ref. 1371)
簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 42 - 57; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 33 - 44; 脊椎骨: 49 - 57. Caudal fin deeply concave. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper jaw. Chin barbel very small. No lateral line pores on head. Scales small and embedded, not overlapping. Brownish along the back with many fine points; the sides and belly silvery; the fins dusky with pale margins (Ref. 1371).
尾鰭深深地凹曲。 下頜略長於上頜。 下巴觸鬚非常小的。 沒有在頭部上的側線孔。 鱗片小且深嵌, 不是部分重疊。 褐色的沿著背面有許多細的點; 側邊與腹面銀色的; 鰭暗色的有灰白的邊緣.(參考文獻 1371)
尾鰭深深地凹曲。 下頜略長於上頜。 下巴觸鬚非常小的。 沒有在頭部上的側線孔。 鱗片小且深嵌, 不是部分重疊。 褐色的沿著背面有許多細的點; 側邊與腹面銀色的; 鰭暗色的有灰白的邊緣.(參考文獻 1371)
Occurs in coastal habitats during summer and winter (Ref. 1371). Cryopelagic or epontic, from surface down to 1383 m (Ref. 58426). In the Beaufort Sea, it may also be found in brackish lagoons and in almost fresh water in river mouths (Ref. 1371). Although associated with the occurrence of ice (White Sea), it is present in ice-free near-shore waters (Alaska) (Ref. 1371). Onshore-offshore movements are associated with spawning and movements of the ice (Ref. 27547). Feeds mostly on epibenthic mysids, also amphipods, copepods and fishes (Ref. 1371). Also caught with mid-water trawls (Ref. 1371). Utilized as fishmeal and source of oil (Ref. 1371). Euryhaline and eurythermic.
出現於海岸的棲息地夏天時與冬天.(參考文獻 1371) 寒帶大洋性的或 epontic.(參考文獻 58426) 在碧佛海洋中，它也可能被發現於半鹹淡的潟湖與在河口中的幾乎淡水中.(參考文獻 1371) 雖然伴隨著冰 (白海) 的發生, 它是出現在不會冰凍的近岸水域 (阿拉斯加州).(參考文獻 1371) 向陸及離陸的運動被伴隨著產卵與冰的運動.(參考文獻 27547) 大部份捕食淺海底棲糠蝦，也吃端腳類動物，橈腳類的動物與魚。 (參考文獻 1371) 也用中層水域拖網捕獲。 (參考文獻 1371) 用來作魚粉與油的來源.。 (參考文獻 1371) 廣鹽性與廣溫性的。
出現於海岸的棲息地夏天時與冬天.(參考文獻 1371) 寒帶大洋性的或 epontic.(參考文獻 58426) 在碧佛海洋中，它也可能被發現於半鹹淡的潟湖與在河口中的幾乎淡水中.(參考文獻 1371) 雖然伴隨著冰 (白海) 的發生, 它是出現在不會冰凍的近岸水域 (阿拉斯加州).(參考文獻 1371) 向陸及離陸的運動被伴隨著產卵與冰的運動.(參考文獻 27547) 大部份捕食淺海底棲糠蝦，也吃端腳類動物，橈腳類的動物與魚。 (參考文獻 1371) 也用中層水域拖網捕獲。 (參考文獻 1371) 用來作魚粉與油的來源.。 (參考文獻 1371) 廣鹽性與廣溫性的。
Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous, sexes are separate (Ref. 101194). Fish move close inshore, often in large numbers to spawn (Ref. 27547).在北極圈的極地附近。 北大西洋: 進入 Miramichi 河，加拿大的新布蘭斯維克之內的白海，冰島與格陵蘭南部。 北太平洋: 白令海到岬 Olyutorski ， Pribilof 島與布里斯多海灣。
主要參考資料
Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
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Population dynamics
成長參數
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Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
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入添量
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Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
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入添量
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Physiology
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Nutrients
耗氧量
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Visual pigments
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Body composition
Nutrients
耗氧量
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Visual pigments
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Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): -1.3 - 4, mean 0.2 (based on 1585 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00457 (0.00357 - 0.00585), b=3.16 (3.09 - 3.23), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref. 120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.22; tm=2-5; Fec=30,000).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.43, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).