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Add your observation in Fish Watcher
| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Pagrus auratus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Pagrus auratus
Picture by Randall, J.E.
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Picture by Randall, J.E.
New Zealand country information
Common names:
Bream, Cockney snapper, Snapper
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: Armitage, R.O., D.A. Payne, G.J. Lockley, H.M. Currie, R.L. Colban, B.G. Lamb and L.J. Paul (eds.), 1994
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Found around the North Island and northern South Island (Ref. 9258). Also reported from the Norfolk Island and Chatham Is. (Ref. 45524); Kermadec Is. (Ref. 8879). Landed throughout the year but mainly from October to March or April (Ref. 9258). Also Ref. 4699, 8879, 9072, 45493, 75154.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.fish.govt.nz/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989
National Database:
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: Armitage, R.O., D.A. Payne, G.J. Lockley, H.M. Currie, R.L. Colban, B.G. Lamb and L.J. Paul (eds.), 1994
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Found around the North Island and northern South Island (Ref. 9258). Also reported from the Norfolk Island and Chatham Is. (Ref. 45524); Kermadec Is. (Ref. 8879). Landed throughout the year but mainly from October to March or April (Ref. 9258). Also Ref. 4699, 8879, 9072, 45493, 75154.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.fish.govt.nz/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989
National Database:
Common names from other countries
Classification / Names Populärnamn | synonymer | Catalog of Fishes(Släkte, Arter) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Pagrus: Greek, pagros = a fish, Dentex, sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forster.
Etymology: Pagrus: Greek, pagros = a fish, Dentex, sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forster.
Issue
There has been much confusion in the past literature between the names Chrysophrys aurata/us, Pagrus aurata/us and Sparus aurata/us, that were used for two different species: Pagrus auratus (Forster, 1801) from the West Pacific on one side, Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758 from the Northeast and Central Atlantic on the other side, Check the geographic origin of specimens when these names are used in the literature.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi
marina; brackvatten revassocierade; havsvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 0 - 200 m (Ref. 28569). Subtropical; 44°N - 47°S, 90°E - 175°W
Utbredning Länder | FAO områden | Ekosystem | Förekomster | Point map | Utplanteringar | Faunafri
Indo-Pacific: widely occurring off New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, China, Taiwan, and Japan. Populations in the northern and southern hemispheres are independent and isolated but were similar enough to be declared one and the same species (Ref. 28569, 28591).
Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm 26.2, range 20 - 28 cm
Max length : 130 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 2334); common length : 40.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 3243); publicerad maxvikt: 20.0 kg (Ref. 28591); rapporterad maxålder: 54 år (Ref. 92924)
Max length : 130 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 2334); common length : 40.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 3243); publicerad maxvikt: 20.0 kg (Ref. 28591); rapporterad maxålder: 54 år (Ref. 92924)
Inhabit rocky reefs (Ref. 9702). Also occur in estuaries (Ref. 9563). Juveniles mainly inhabit inlets, bays and other shallow, sheltered marine waters, often over mud and seagrass (Ref. 6390). Small fish measuring less than 30 cm TL are common inshore around reef areas often in groups of around 30 individuals. Larger fish are shy and are less frequently seen (Ref. 26966). Adults often live near reefs, but are also found over mud and sand substrates (Ref. 6390). They are relatively sedentary. However, tagging studies have shown them capable of substantial migrations (Ref. 28591). Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, etc) form the basis of the diet, but marine worms, starfish, sea urchins, shellfish and fish are also important (Ref. 28591). Not commercially cultured at present but considered as a prime aquaculture candidate (Ref. 28590). Maximum estimated age for SW Pacific is 54 years with validated longevity on the order of 40 years based on minimum age from bomb radiocarbon dating (Ref. 92924; Allen Andrews, pers.comm. 01/13). It is parasitised by the monogenean Anoplodiscus cirrusspiralis on the fins and body surface (Ref. 124057).
Life cycle and mating behavior Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver
Mature adults form large schools in preferred spawning areas (Ref. 6390). They are serial spawners (Ref. 6390). Spawning generally occurs in waters less than 50 m deep (Ref. 6390). They generally only spawn when water temp is equal to 18°C (Ref. 6390).
There have been no investigations of sex reversals in Australian snapper populations. However, in New Zealand, some juvenile snapper change sex from female to male but all such changes are completed by the onset of maturity (Ref. 28040).
Main reference
Upload your references | referenser | Koordinator | Medarbetare
Paulin, C.D., 1990. Pagrus auratus, a new combination for the species known as "snapper" in Australasian waters (Pisces: Sparidae). N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 24(2):259-265. (Ref. 28569)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 04 December 2009
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: kommersiell; Vattenbruk: experimentell; sportfisk: ja
FAO(Aquaculture systems: produktion; fiskeri: produktion; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Ytterligare information
Life cycle
Reproduktion
Könsmognad
Fecundity
Lek
Spawning aggregations
Ägg
Egg development
Larver
Larvdynamik
Reproduktion
Könsmognad
Fecundity
Lek
Spawning aggregations
Ägg
Egg development
Larver
Larvdynamik
Anatomy
Gälyta
Brain
Otolith
Gälyta
Brain
Otolith
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Syreförbrukning
Swimming type
Simhastighet
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Syreförbrukning
Swimming type
Simhastighet
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Vattenbruksprofiler
Avelslinjer
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Aquaculture systems
Vattenbruksprofiler
Avelslinjer
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
Verktyg
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 14 - 25.2, mean 17.4 (based on 293 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02239 (0.01285 - 0.03900), b=2.97 (2.82 - 3.12), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278): 3.6 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliens (Ref. 120179): Låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 4,5-14 år (tmax=11).
Prior r = 0.34, 95% CL = 0.23 - 0.52, Based on 3 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).