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Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbot
مشاهدات خود را اضافه کنيد در Fish Watcher
| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
|
| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Scophthalmus maximus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Scophthalmus maximus
Picture by Quantz, G.
Pictures | Videos | Stamps, coins, misc. | تصوير گوگل
Picture by Quantz, G.
Germany country information
Common names:
Haandreiß, Steinbutt, Steinbutte
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen, 2000
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref: FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service, 1993
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Found in the Elbe estuary (Ref. 51031).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.ble.de/index.cfm?8C712107D9244972B3C193AC1917DCE7#Handelsbezeichnungen
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978
National Database: AGRDEU
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen, 2000
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref: FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service, 1993
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Found in the Elbe estuary (Ref. 51031).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.ble.de/index.cfm?8C712107D9244972B3C193AC1917DCE7#Handelsbezeichnungen
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978
National Database: AGRDEU
Common names from other countries
رده بندی / Names اسامي عام | مترادف | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, گونه ها) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Scophthalmidae (Turbots)
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range بوم شناسي
دريايي; لب شور نزديك كف زي; اقیانوس رو (Ref. 51243); تغييرات عمق 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E
پراكنش كشورها | مناطق سازمان خوار و بار جهاني (FAO) | Ecosystems | ظهور | Point map | معرفي | Faunafri
Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 25 سال ها (Ref. 32766)
Max length : 100.0 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 25 سال ها (Ref. 32766)
توصيف مختصر كليدهاي شناسايي | ريخت شناسي | ريخت ستجي بوسيله انداره گيري
Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Life cycle and mating behavior بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)
Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.
مآخذ اصلی
Upload your references | مراجع | هماهنگ كننده | همكاران
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
حداقل نگرانی (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 December 2020
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري; آبزي پروري: تجاري; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله; آكواريوم: آکواریوم عمومی
FAO(Aquaculture systems: production, نمايه گونه; ماهي گيري – شيلات: production; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us
اطلاعات بيشتر
Population dynamics
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
نوسانات طولی
Mass conversion
بازسازی
فراواني
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
نوسانات طولی
Mass conversion
بازسازی
فراواني
Life cycle
تولید مثل
بلوغ
Fecundity
تخم ریزی
Spawning aggregations
تخم ها
نمو تخم
توزاد ( لارو)
پويايي لاروي
تولید مثل
بلوغ
Fecundity
تخم ریزی
Spawning aggregations
تخم ها
نمو تخم
توزاد ( لارو)
پويايي لاروي
Anatomy
منطقه آبششي
Brain
Otolith
منطقه آبششي
Brain
Otolith
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Body composition
Nutrients
Oxygen consumption
Swimming type
Swimming speed
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
ابزارها
Bio-Quiz | E-book | راهنماي صحرايي | كليدهاي شناسايي | امكان نرم افزاري بسامد طولي | ابزار تاريخ زيستي | نقشه نقطه ای | Classification Tree
| Catch-MSY |
گزارش های ويژه
راجع به نگهداری آکواريم ملاحظه کنيد | برگه اطلاعات و مشخصات گونه ها را ملاحظه کنيد | برگه اطلاعات و مشخصات آبزی پروری را ببينيد
بارگيری XML
صفحه خلاصه | Point data | اسامي عام | تصاوير
منابع اينترنتي
Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | فيش واچر را ببينيد | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, گونه ها) | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | Faunafri | Fishtrace | GenBank(ژنوم, نوکلئوتيد) | GloBI | GOBASE | | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | پايگاه هاي داده ها | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | آکواریوم عمومی | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Scirus | SeaLifeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia(برو, جستجو) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 5.9 - 11.9, mean 9.4 (based on 239 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00922 - 0.01365), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
جهندگی (Ref. 120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (65 of 100).