This website uses cookies to enhance your browsing experience and ensure the functionality of our site. For more detailed information about the types of cookies we use and how we protect your privacy, please visit our Privacy Information page.
×
Cookie Settings
This website uses different types of cookies to enhance your experience. Please select your preferences below:
Teleostei > Mugiliformes (Mullets) > Mugilidae (Mullets)
Etymology: Mugil:Latin, mugil, -ilis = grey mullet (Ref. 45335); cephalus:cephalus meaning head (Ref. 10294). More on author: Linnaeus.
Issue Genetic data indicate that Mugil cephalus is globally a complex of species, At least 14 species (incl. former synonyms) have been recognized. The name should be applied only in North-East Atlantic and Mediterranean, Where species are sympatric, genetic and ecological data have confirmed the species validity (Refs. 89471,123406; 123405).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
Cosmopolitan in coastal waters of the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of all seas. Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Chile (Ref. 2850). Western Pacific: Japan to Australia (Ref. 9812). Western Indian Ocean: from India to South Africa (Ref. 4393). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada to Brazil (Ref. 7251); Cape Cod to southern Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 26938); absent in the Bahamas and most of West Indies and Caribbean (Ref. 7251, 9761). Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (Ref. 7399). Reported in Sea of Okhotsk (Ref. 50550). 全球分佈於所有海洋的熱帶與亞熱帶區域的沿岸水域。 東太平洋: 美國加州到智利.(參考文獻 2850) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省到巴西;(參考文獻 7251) 科德角到墨西哥灣南部;(參考文獻 26938) 不存在於巴哈馬與大部分的西印度群島與加勒比海。 (參考文獻 7251,9761) 東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非, 包括地中海與黑海.(參考文獻 7399) 在鄂霍次克海報告。 (參考文獻 50550)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm35.4, range 30 - ? cm Max length : 100.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2804); common length : 50.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7399); 最大年龄: 16 年 (Ref. 28725)
背棘 (总数) : 5; 背的软条 (总数) : 7 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9. Diagnosis: body stout, cylindrical in cross-section, slightly compressed; head broad and flattened (Ref. 57400). Well developed adipose eyelid (Ref. 40476, 57400) covering most of pupil (Ref. 57400). Upper lip thin and without papillae (Ref. 57400), with 1-2 outer rows of small, moderately close-set, unicuspid teeth and up to 6 inner rows of smaller, bicuspid teeth (Ref. 81659). Lower lip with outer row of small unicuspid teeth and sometimes 1 or more inner rows of smaller, bicuspid teeth (Ref. 81659). Hind end of upper jaw reaching a vertical line from anterior eye margin; maxillary pad not visible below corner of mouth when closed; origin of 1st dorsal fin nearer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base (Ref. 57400). Anterior parts and bases of 2nd dorsal and anal fins with a moderately dense coverage of scales (Ref. 57400, 81659). Pectoral axillary process (Ref. 57400). 13-15 scale rows between origins of dorsal and pelvic fins (Ref. 57400, 81659). Pelvic fins, anal fin, and lower lobe of caudal fin yellowish in specimens from the tropical Atlantic coast of Africa (Ref. 57400, 81659).
色彩橄榄绿色的背面, 侧边银色的颜色变化成腹侧白色的。 唇细的。 胸鳍短.(不达到第一背鳍)
Adults are found in coastal waters (Ref. 2850, 44894, 57400), often entering estuaries and rivers (Ref. 2847, 3573, 11230, 44894, 57400), sometimes far-up-river, lagoons and hypersaline environments (Ref. 57400). They are usually in schools over sand or mud bottom (Ref. 2850), between 0 and 10 m, occurring equally in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters (Project MUGIL). They are mainly diurnal, feeding on detritus, micro-algae and benthic organisms (Ref. 56548, 74902, 74760). Juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 3.0 cm SL (Ref. 59043). Reproduction takes place at sea, at various times of the year depending on the location (Ref. 74907, Amour). Adults form schools and migrate offshore to spawn and developing larvae migrate back inshore (Ref. 81659). There is absence of an obligatory freshwater phase in the life cycle (Ref. 74752). Females spawn 0.8 to 2.6 million eggs which develop at sea (Ref. 74912, Chen & Su 1986). Sexually mature at 3 to 4 years (Ref. 74902). Maximum length reported as 120 cm SL (Ref. 7399, 57400, 81659) remains to be confirmed (Project MUGIL). Maximum weight reported as 12 kg (Ref. 56527) seems too high for the area and remains to be confirmed (Project MUGIL). Widely cultivated in freshwater and brackish ponds (Ref. 2847, Jackson 1984, Liao 1981). Marketed fresh, dried, salted, and frozen; roe sold fresh or smoked (Ref. 9321); also used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).
Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
One spawning aggregation was observed in detail. This consisted of five fish, a female and four males. Males would press against the female, which took place as the entire group moved along slowly, facing into a fairly strong tidal flow.全球分佈於所有海洋的熱帶與亞熱帶區域的沿岸水域。 東太平洋: 美國加州到智利.(參考文獻 2850) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省到巴西;(參考文獻 7251) 科德角到墨西哥灣南部;(參考文獻 26938) 不存在於巴哈馬與大部分的西印度群島與加勒比海。 (參考文獻 7251,9761) 東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非, 包括地中海與黑海.(參考文獻 7399) 在鄂霍次克海報告。 (參考文獻 50550)
Harrison, I.J., 1995. Mugilidae. Lisas. p. 1293-1298. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9321)
