Common names from other countries
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Beloniformes (Needle fishes) >
Belonidae (Needlefishes)
Etymology: Belone: Greek, belone = needle; any fish with sharp pointed snout; also Pierre Belon, 1517-64, French zoologist born in Le Mans. Professor at the College de France, author of " La nature et diversité des poissons", 1551 (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Dr Pierre Belon (du Mans) (1517–1564) (pen name Petrus Bellonius Cenomanus) was a French diplomat, writer, traveller and naturalist who was deeply interested in antiquity and extolled the virtues of the Renaissance. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Linnaeus.
Issue
According to authors cited by Evenhuis (1997: Ref. 115711: 480-482), the date of publication of the species should be 1760.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 2 - 22 m (Ref. 130220). Temperate; 65°N - 14°N, 32°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Three subspecies were recognized by Collette and Parin (1970, Ref. 34977) Belone belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) (Northeast Atlantic); Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866 (Black Sea and Sea of Azov); Belone belone acus Risso, 1827 (Mediterranean Sea and adjacent parts of Atlantic Ocean, Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores, and south to Cape Verde (Ref. 50279); subspecies Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 (France to the Canary Islands including the Mediterranean) in Collette & Parin, 1990 (Ref. 5757).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 104 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 123983); common length : 45.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3397); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 1.4 kg (Ref. 113079)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 16 - 20; أشعه شرجية لينه: 19 - 23. Jaw teeth comparatively large and widely spaced. Vertebrae 75-84. Vomerine teeth present at lengths greater than 20 cam. Lower jaw a little longer than upper jaw. Juveniles with greatly elongated jaw, without black posterior dorsal fin lobe.
Lives close to the surface and has a migratory pattern similar to the mackerel (Ref. 35388). Feeds on small fishes, particularly clupeids and Engraulis (in the Black Sea). Leaps out of the water when hooked. Oviparous (Ref. 205). Eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg's surface (Ref. 205). Utilized fresh and frozen; can be fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 130219.
Collette, B.B. and N.V. Parin, 1986. Belonidae. p. 604-609. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Volume 2. Unesco, Paris. (Ref. 5505)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
CITES (Ref. 131153)
Not Evaluated
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 8.8 - 20, mean 11.3 (based on 548 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00100 (0.00082 - 0.00122), b=3.10 (3.04 - 3.16), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (tm=2; Fec=1000).
Prior r = 0.43, 95% CL = 0.28 - 0.64, Based on 6 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).