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Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Tope shark
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Galeorhinus galeus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
Australia country information
Common names:
Eastern school shark, School shark, School shark
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: no uses
Comments: Distributed on the continental shelf and slope around southern Australia, from Houtman Abrolhos in Western Australia to Moreton Bay in southern Queensland, including Bass Strait, Tasmania, and Lord Howe I. The young are found in Port Sorell, the Pitt Water Estuary, Frederick Henry Bay and Georges Bay in Tasmania, and areas near Portarlington, Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, until late summer. Studies of movement of tagged school sharks across southern Australia suggests the presence of a single stock (Ref. 777). Commercial fishery: It is a major component of the Southern Shark Fishery which produces over 3000 t of sharks annually valued at up to AU$15 million to fishers in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The catch is largely marketed in Victoria which began operating in offshore waters in the 1920s to meet the increasing demand for fresh shark fillets. About twenty years later, Tasmania and South Australia entered the school shark fishery. Before gillnets were introduced in 1964, shark fishers were using longlines up to 10 km long taking mostly school sharks. Gillnets of 6-inch mesh size are being used by Bass Strait fishers while 7-inch mesh size are utilized in South Australia. However, most Tasmanian fishers still use longlines. The school shark fishery peaked between 1969 and 1980, while fishing effort increased threefold as well. School sharks are very popular in the fish-and-chips trade. They are marketed fresh, chilled, headed and gutted. The flesh is sold mostly as 'flake'. In 1972, the sale of large volumes of school sharks was banned due to its high mercury content (Ref. 26064, 26065). Recreational fishery: Recreational fishers take a small amount of school sharks using handlines, rod-and-line and gillnets (only in Tasmania), in ocean beaches and coastal bays. A 33.5 kg school shark was caught in South Australia and considered the largest taken by a recreational angler. Resource status: Overfishing was evidenced by trends in catch per unit of effort and fishery simulation models. Assessments done in 1991 and 1992 concluded that school sharks are overexploited. Those found in Bass Strait have been particularly reduced in abundance. Sustainable yield estimates in 1993 were about 1200 t per annum (combined carcass weight of school and gummy sharks) which was less than half the 1993 catch of both species. However, this estimate is uncertain. Other fisheries such as trawling, offshore longlining, the bay-and-inlet fisheries in Victoria, Danish seining and the specialised gillnets used in the recreational fishery in Tasmania put a strain on the shark fishery as well. Also Ref. 244, 7300, 9987, 13563.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: no uses
Comments: Distributed on the continental shelf and slope around southern Australia, from Houtman Abrolhos in Western Australia to Moreton Bay in southern Queensland, including Bass Strait, Tasmania, and Lord Howe I. The young are found in Port Sorell, the Pitt Water Estuary, Frederick Henry Bay and Georges Bay in Tasmania, and areas near Portarlington, Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, until late summer. Studies of movement of tagged school sharks across southern Australia suggests the presence of a single stock (Ref. 777). Commercial fishery: It is a major component of the Southern Shark Fishery which produces over 3000 t of sharks annually valued at up to AU$15 million to fishers in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The catch is largely marketed in Victoria which began operating in offshore waters in the 1920s to meet the increasing demand for fresh shark fillets. About twenty years later, Tasmania and South Australia entered the school shark fishery. Before gillnets were introduced in 1964, shark fishers were using longlines up to 10 km long taking mostly school sharks. Gillnets of 6-inch mesh size are being used by Bass Strait fishers while 7-inch mesh size are utilized in South Australia. However, most Tasmanian fishers still use longlines. The school shark fishery peaked between 1969 and 1980, while fishing effort increased threefold as well. School sharks are very popular in the fish-and-chips trade. They are marketed fresh, chilled, headed and gutted. The flesh is sold mostly as 'flake'. In 1972, the sale of large volumes of school sharks was banned due to its high mercury content (Ref. 26064, 26065). Recreational fishery: Recreational fishers take a small amount of school sharks using handlines, rod-and-line and gillnets (only in Tasmania), in ocean beaches and coastal bays. A 33.5 kg school shark was caught in South Australia and considered the largest taken by a recreational angler. Resource status: Overfishing was evidenced by trends in catch per unit of effort and fishery simulation models. Assessments done in 1991 and 1992 concluded that school sharks are overexploited. Those found in Bass Strait have been particularly reduced in abundance. Sustainable yield estimates in 1993 were about 1200 t per annum (combined carcass weight of school and gummy sharks) which was less than half the 1993 catch of both species. However, this estimate is uncertain. Other fisheries such as trawling, offshore longlining, the bay-and-inlet fisheries in Victoria, Danish seining and the specialised gillnets used in the recreational fishery in Tasmania put a strain on the shark fishery as well. Also Ref. 244, 7300, 9987, 13563.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:
Common names from other countries
分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii 板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) 真鯊目 (Ground sharks) > Triakidae (Houndsharks) 平滑鮫 (Houndsharks) > Galeorhininae
Etymology: Galeorhinus: galeo, probably based on G. galeus (see below); rhinus, an ancient name for sharks, from rhine (Gr.), rasp, alluding to their rasp-like skin (See ETYFish); galeus: From galeos, a small shark or dogfish per Aristotle (sometimes translated as weasel), possibly referring to the pointed snouts, swift movements and/or rapacious feeding behavior of smaller predatory sharks1 (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Galeorhinus: galeo, probably based on G. galeus (see below); rhinus, an ancient name for sharks, from rhine (Gr.), rasp, alluding to their rasp-like skin (See ETYFish); galeus: From galeos, a small shark or dogfish per Aristotle (sometimes translated as weasel), possibly referring to the pointed snouts, swift movements and/or rapacious feeding behavior of smaller predatory sharks1 (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學
海洋 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 1100 m (Ref. 26346), usually 2 - 471 m (Ref. 43939). 亞熱帶的; 70°N - 58°S, 111°E - 37°E
分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri
World-wide in temperate waters (Ref. 58085). Western Atlantic: southern Brazil to Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: Iceland, Norway, Faeroe Islands, British Isles to the Mediterranean and Senegal; Namibia to South Africa (Western Indian Ocean). Western Pacific: Australia and New Zealand. Eastern Pacific: British Columbia (Canada) to southern Baja California, Gulf of California; Peru and Chile. Questionable records in Ivory Coast, Nigerai, Gabon to Congo Dem Rep and Laysan Is. (Hawaii) (Ref 244).
廣泛分佈於溫帶的水域。 (參考文獻 52183) 西大西洋: 巴西南部到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 冰島到南非, 包括地中海。 西印度洋: 南非。 西太平洋: 澳洲與紐西蘭。 東太平洋: 夏威夷; 到在墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部與加州灣的加拿大卑詩省; 祕魯與智利。
廣泛分佈於溫帶的水域。 (參考文獻 52183) 西大西洋: 巴西南部到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 冰島到南非, 包括地中海。 西印度洋: 南非。 西太平洋: 澳洲與紐西蘭。 東太平洋: 夏威夷; 到在墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部與加州灣的加拿大卑詩省; 祕魯與智利。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 144.1, range 120 - 185 cm
Max length : 193 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); 195.0 cm TL (female); common length : 160 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9258); 最大體重: 44.7 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 55 年 (Ref. 6871)
Max length : 193 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); 195.0 cm TL (female); common length : 160 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9258); 最大體重: 44.7 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 55 年 (Ref. 6871)
簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. A large houndshark with a long, pointed snout, a large mouth, and small blade-like teeth; 2nd dorsal about as large as anal fin and terminal caudal lobe as long as rest of fin (Ref. 5578). Greyish above, white below; young with black markings on fins (Ref. 5578).
一個大的獵犬鯊具有一個長的﹐尖的吻, 一個大的嘴 , 與小的刀劍狀的齒; 第二背鰭大約與臀鰭與末端的尾葉一樣大長達其它的鰭。 (參考文獻 5578) 背面略灰色的, 腹面白色的; 在鰭上幼魚有黑色的斑紋。 (參考文獻 5578)
一個大的獵犬鯊具有一個長的﹐尖的吻, 一個大的嘴 , 與小的刀劍狀的齒; 第二背鰭大約與臀鰭與末端的尾葉一樣大長達其它的鰭。 (參考文獻 5578) 背面略灰色的, 腹面白色的; 在鰭上幼魚有黑色的斑紋。 (參考文獻 5578)
Mainly demersal on continental and insular shelves, but also on the upper slopes, at depths from near shore to 550 m (Ref. 6871), but has been shown to be pelagic in the open ocean (frequently caught on floating tuna longlines over deep water, and many New Zealand-tagged specimens have been recaptured in Australia) (Ref. 26346). Occurs in small schools that are highly migratory in higher latitudes in their range (Ref. 244). There is pronounced partial segregation by size and sex in some areas (Ref. 244). Feeds on fishes (bottom as well as pelagic species, Ref. 26346), crustaceans, cephalopods, worms, and echinoderms (Ref. 244). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Targeted for human consumption, liver for squalene oil, fins for soup (Ref. 244); also utilized as fishmeal (Ref. 13563). Marketed fresh, dried-salted, and frozen (Ref. 9987). Adapts well in captivity if carefully captured and handled (Ref. 12951).
主要地棲息於大陸棚與島嶼棚, 也捕食上層斜坡, 在深度從近岸到 550 公尺.(參考文獻 6871) 曾經顯示是大洋性的，在中開放性海域 (時常在深水域上的漂浮鮪魚延繩釣上面捕獲, 與許多紐西蘭附以籤條的標本曾經在澳洲拿回了).(參考文獻 26346) 形成小群魚群那是高度遷移的在他們的範圍中的較高的緯度.(參考文獻 244) 有明顯的部分分離依大小與在一些地區的性別.(參考文獻 244) 吃魚 (底部以及大洋性魚種, 參考文獻 26346) ，甲殼動物，頭足類動物，蠕蟲與棘皮動物。 (參考文獻 244) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 它的肉是優良的供人類消費，肝臟用於 squalene 油，鰭用於湯;(參考文獻 244) 也利用了製成魚粉。 (參考文獻 13563) 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 乾燥鹽醃 , 與冷凍.(參考文獻 9987) 如果小心地捕獲而且觸摸，適應得好在繁殖場。 (參考文獻 12951)
主要地棲息於大陸棚與島嶼棚, 也捕食上層斜坡, 在深度從近岸到 550 公尺.(參考文獻 6871) 曾經顯示是大洋性的，在中開放性海域 (時常在深水域上的漂浮鮪魚延繩釣上面捕獲, 與許多紐西蘭附以籤條的標本曾經在澳洲拿回了).(參考文獻 26346) 形成小群魚群那是高度遷移的在他們的範圍中的較高的緯度.(參考文獻 244) 有明顯的部分分離依大小與在一些地區的性別.(參考文獻 244) 吃魚 (底部以及大洋性魚種, 參考文獻 26346) ，甲殼動物，頭足類動物，蠕蟲與棘皮動物。 (參考文獻 244) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 它的肉是優良的供人類消費，肝臟用於 squalene 油，鰭用於湯;(參考文獻 244) 也利用了製成魚粉。 (參考文獻 13563) 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 乾燥鹽醃 , 與冷凍.(參考文獻 9987) 如果小心地捕獲而且觸摸，適應得好在繁殖場。 (參考文獻 12951)
Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Ovoviviparous, without a yolk-sac placenta (Ref. 244). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). 6 to 52 young in a litter (Ref. 26346). Litter size increases with the size of the mother. Embryos reach 30-36 cm TL at birth (Ref. 6080). In the southern waters of Australia, newly born and older juveniles (30-70 cm long) aggregate in 'nursery areas' found in shallow waters.They move to deeper coastal waters to over-winter. The following spring finds most of these young returning to their nursery areas. The older ones, aged 2 years and over move instead to eastern Bass Strait where most of the immature stock are found. The length of an average full-term embryo is 32 cm. Spawning frequency is once every year, ovulation occurring in early summer and parturition is completed by January of the following year. Gestation period lasts for about 12 months (Ref. 6390, 6871).廣泛分佈於溫帶的水域。 (參考文獻 52183) 西大西洋: 巴西南部到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 冰島到南非, 包括地中海。 西印度洋: 南非。 西太平洋: 澳洲與紐西蘭。 東太平洋: 夏威夷; 到在墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部與加州灣的加拿大卑詩省; 祕魯與智利。
主要參考資料
Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | 合作者
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
FAO(漁業: 產生, 魚種描繪; publication : search) | FishSource | 周邊海洋
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 6.7 - 23.2, mean 12.3 (based on 7314 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00362 - 0.00632), b=2.99 (2.91 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278): 4.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref. 120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (rm=0.033; tmax=55; Fec=6-52).
Prior r = 0.06, 95% CL = 0.04 - 0.09, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).