Main Ref. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
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Remarks | Benthic (Ref. 5951). Feeds on copepod, scaleworms and amphipods. Preyed upon by Atlantic cod; juveniles by grubby, Myoxocephalus aenaeus. Parasite of the species is known to be a protozoan (Trichodina elizabethae) found on gills (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.39 | 4.00 | 0.03 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 3.27 | 0.15 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |