主要参考文献 | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 |
---|---|
附注 | Adults are found in deeper waters whereas larvae and juveniles occupy shallow, nearshore habitats (Ref. 57910). Usually buried in muddy or sandy bottoms with mouth protruding (Ref. 2850). Larvae and juveniles use shallow, nearshore habitats, whereas most adults occupy deeper waters farther from shore (Ref. 57910). Water temperature in summer and winter were about 10°C and 4°C, and salinity ranged from 30 to 33 PSS. Both planktivorous and piscivorous (Ref. 57910). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
参考文献 | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 |
摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 |
Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
从食物内容 | 3.95 | 0.29 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. | ||
从个别的食物项目 | 3.60 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
参考文献 | Chuchukalo, V.I., A.Y. Efimkin and V.V. Lapko, 1995 |