Main Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
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Remarks | Primarily a pelagic feeder, feeds primarily on pelagic copepods, but also takes mysids, shrimps, cephalopods, fish, polychaetes and gastropods (Ref. 1371). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Wayland, M.T., C. Sommerville and D.I. Gibson, 1999 |
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Associations | parasitism; |
Associated with | Echinorhynchus gadi; Echinorhynchus trachyrinci; |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Macpherson, E., 1989 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.64 | 0.34 | 3.44 | 0.46 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.51 | 0.48 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Macpherson, E., 1979 |