Main Ref. | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
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Remarks | Forms large schools in coastal areas with sandy substrate. Feeds on fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Divided into two stocks: West stock and North Sea stock. West stock spawns in a belt from the Biscay to Ireland in early spring, migrates north and eastwards to southern Norway and northern North Sea. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.71 | 0.03 | 3.57 | 0.52 | Troph of juv./adults from 500 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.18 | 0.82 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Olaso, I., O. Cendrero and P. Abaunza, 1998 |