Main Ref. | Grove, J.S. and R.J. Lavenberg, 1997 |
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Remarks | Benthopelagic (Ref. 116218). Adults are found in coastal waters, usually forming schools in shallow inshore sandy areas (Ref. 9283). Also in coastal lagoons (Ref. 122697). Reported on the shelf and continental slope (Ref. 116218). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | Murase, A., A. Angulo, Y. Miyazaki, W. Bussing and M. López, 2014 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.74 | 0.55 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |