Main Ref. | Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989 |
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Remarks | Juveniles inhabit sandy shorelines and shallow sandy or muddy bays near river mouths while adults move out in schools to clear seaward reefs (Also Ref. 9773). Feeds on bivalves, crabs, and mole crabs (Ref. 9773). Found near coral and rock reefs. Feed primarily on sand molluscs and other hard-shelled invertebrates. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.77 | 0.36 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |