Main Ref. | Drake, A. and L. Wilson, 1991 |
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Remarks | Found near shore and in coastal inlets and rivers (Ref. 2850). Possibly to 625 m depth (Ref. 6793). Spends most of its life in the sea, returning to freshwater streams to spawn (Ref. 27547). There is evidence of return to natal streams (Ref. 10276). May migrate up to 160 km upstream. Feeds on plankton and only while at sea (11699, 10276). Ecotoxicology of this species has been studied by various authors indicating that it is a potential integrator of low-level contaminants (Ref. 7355 & 7469). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
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Special habitats Ref. |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Drake, A. and L. Wilson, 1991 |
Feeding habit | filtering plankton |
Feeding habit Ref. | Drake, A. and L. Wilson, 1991 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.25 | 0.37 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |