Main Ref. | Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras, 1986 |
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Remarks | Littoral, found mainly in eel-grass beds. Often in pairs. Males nest-makers. Feeds mainly on molluscs, gastropods, bivalves, tubicolous worms, chitons, sea urchins and bryozoans. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras, 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras, 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.23 | 0.17 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.15 | 0.37 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bell, J.D. and M.L. Harmelin-Vivien, 1983 |