Main Ref. | Schuster, W.H., 1960 |
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Remarks | Juveniles occur in mangroves and brackishwaters as nursery grounds; adults inhabit reefs and shallow waters (Ref. 43081). Schooling species (Ref. 125576). Pelagic predator. Juveniles form schools above coral reefs while adults tend to be solitary and diurnal (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
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Associations | solitary; schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Schuster, W.H., 1960 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Jeyaseelan, M.J.P., 1998 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.50 | 0.62 | 4.35 | 0.72 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.29 | 0.68 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bachok, Z., M.I. Mansor and R.M. Noordin, 2004 |