Main Ref. | Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993 |
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Remarks | Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Research into the genetics of this species suggests that they do not normally migrate (Ref. 27573). There is some evidence of localised diel movements - schools moving into shallow water at night to feed, and juveniles moving from shallow to deeper water as they mature (Ref. 27613). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Burchmore, J.J., D.A. Pollard, M.J. Middleton, J.D. Bell and B.C. Pease, 1988 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Burchmore, J.J., D.A. Pollard, M.J. Middleton, J.D. Bell and B.C. Pease, 1988 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.34 | 0.49 | |||
From individual food items | 3.29 | 0.43 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Burchmore, J.J., D.A. Pollard, M.J. Middleton, J.D. Bell and B.C. Pease, 1988 |