Main Ref. | Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 |
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Remarks | Found in a wide range of habitats, sometimes in large schools well offshore and off bottom (Ref. 2850). Juveniles are pelagic (Ref. 36715). Adults feed on planktonic animals, mainly krill (Ref. 2850). Viviparous, with planktonic larvae (Ref. 36715). A very important prey species for predatory fishes and marine mammals (Ref. 2850). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.20 | 0.35 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |