Main Ref. | Thollot, P., 1996 |
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Remarks | Inhabits rocky reefs and coral reefs (Refs. 9137, 9710, 58534, 58652, 127989); silty reefs or wrecks in lagoons, bays, or harbors (Ref. 27370), may occur in aggregations; also found hidden in caves and cracks of rocks during the day (Refs. 12382, 48635, 127989). Usually in areas subject to strong currents (Ref. 48635). Intertidal observations were also reported (Ref. 49162). Feeds mainly on benthic crabs and shrimps (Ref. 2334), also preys on small fishes (Ref. 12382). Spine of preopercle venomous (Ref. 2334). Nocturnal. Feeds mainly on decapods in addition to polychaetes, isopods, mollusks and fish (Also Refs. 127989, 9773). Dwells in shallow, protected reef areas (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Shao, K.-T. and L.-S. Chen, 1992 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs: lagoons; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
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Associations | |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Thollot, P., 1996 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Thollot, P., 1996 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.58 | 0.31 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. | ||
From individual food items | 3.78 | 0.51 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Golani, D., A. Ben-Tuvia and B. Galil, 1983 |