Main Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale, 1989 |
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Remarks | Inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Occurs inshore and in shallow estuaries (Also Ref. 86942). Feeds on crabs, lobsters, bivalves and small fishes (Ref. 5578). Dwells in sandy substrates and favors the shallow surf zone (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
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Associations | |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale, 1989 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale, 1989 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.60 | 0.58 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.68 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Nasir, N.A., 2000 |