Main Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995 |
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Remarks | Stenohaline species (Ref. 121946). Known to occur in surface waters of nearshore regions (Ref .121945). Found over soft bottoms, near rocky or coral reefs; also near reef dropoffs (Ref. 12951). Occasionally near the surface and may jump out of the water (Ref. 12951). Also found in lagoon-estuarine systems (Ref. 121946). Often in schools, sometimes associated with Aetobatus narinari, the spotted eagle ray (Ref. 12951). Feeds on benthic crustaceans and molluscs. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.55 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |