Main Ref. | Castro, R.M.C. and L. Casatti, 1997 |
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Remarks | The epigean form defend small territories of ten to twenty centimeters diameter depending on body size. Tools for defence include fin-spreading, snake-swimming and ramming (Ref. 52944). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Castro, R.M.C. and L. Casatti, 1997 |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.03 | 0.32 | 2.83 | 0.23 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.26 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Castro, R.M.C. and L. Casatti, 1997 |