Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Occurs on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Nocturnal feeder (Ref. 122680). Feeds on benthic invertebrates, fish and cephalopods (Ref. 8925). Demersal, but also exhibits a pelagic lifestyle. Dwells in rocky substrates in deep waters. Feeds at night, moving up the water column to consume tunicates, small fishes, shrimp, crabs and amphipods (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Pelagic; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.19 | 0.42 | 3.57 | 0.44 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.55 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Haight, W.R., J.D. Parrish and T.A. Hayes, 1993 |