Main Ref. | Clarke, M.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1974 |
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Remarks | Found worldwide in tropical and temperate seas; a pelagic species, sometimes advancing into coastal waters (Ref. 9137). Occurs on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Prefer temperatures of 7-16°C; usually found in deeper waters in the tropics (Ref. 5951). A carnivore (Ref. 9137). Parasites of the species include: Hepatoxylon squali pleurocercoid, Phyllobothrium dagnallium, Phyllobothrium sp. and Platybothrium parvum (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
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Associations | |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Harvey, J.T., 1989 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Clarke, M.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1974 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.35 | 0.19 | 4.21 | 0.65 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.37 | 0.83 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Harvey, J.T., 1989 |