Main Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Remarks | Occurs along sandy and rocky shorelines and over sandy lagoon bottoms, often in zones of turbulence (Ref. 9685). Often encountered in river mouths or brackish mangrove estuaries. Feeds mainly on crustaceans (shrimps and crabs), polychaete worms, other benthic invertebrates; also on teleosts (Ref. 9685). Feeds during the day and at night (diurnal and nocturnal). In Hawaii, small fishes occur in schools along beaches and in sheltered coves from May through August. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Feltes, R.M., 2001 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. | Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta, 2004 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.43 | 0.49 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |