Main Ref. | Díaz de Astarloa, J.M. and T.A. Munroe, 1998 |
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Remarks | Prefers hard or sandy substrates, rarely on mud (Ref. 43588). Feeds on fishes, cephalopods (Ref. 36453) and benthic crustaceans (Ref. 54164). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Haimovici, M., A.S. Martins, J.L. Figueiredo and P.C. Vieira, 1994 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Haimovici, M., A.S. Martins, J.L. Figueiredo and P.C. Vieira, 1994 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.04 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |