Main Ref. | Yamashita, Y., N. Piamthipmanus and K. Mochizuki, 1987 |
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Remarks | Nocturnal species which occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Refs. 75154, 127989). Found in sandy and muddy places at inlets (Ref. 9137). Juveniles and/or adults are found in subtidal edge of mud flats and near inshore waters (Ref. 121464). Exhibits the black gut phenomenon. In nocturnal predators, it appears to serve to conceal bioluminiscent prey in the stomach cavity (Ref. 46685). Zooplanktivorous. Takes shelter among rocks and corals during the day (Ref. 127989). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini, 2021 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Yamashita, Y., N. Piamthipmanus and K. Mochizuki, 1987 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.63 | 0.52 | 3.39 | 0.36 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.50 | 0.50 | Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item | ||
Ref. | Yamashita, Y., N. Piamthipmanus and K. Mochizuki, 1987 |