Main Ref. | Karpenko, V.I. and E.T. Nikolaeva, 1989 |
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Remarks | Juveniles are typically euryphagous. They feed on planktonic and benthic organisms. Food spectrum narrows during migration from the river to the sea. Diet composition is determined by river conditions and by the hydrological conditions of the coastal region of the sea, particularly the water level in the river and the tide cycle, as well as illumination at night (Ref. 9027). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Karpenko, V.I. and E.T. Nikolaeva, 1989 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Karpenko, V.I. and E.T. Nikolaeva, 1989 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.74 | 0.19 | 3.45 | 0.46 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.54 | 0.41 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sobolevskii, E.I. and I.A. Senchenko, 1996 |