Main Ref. | Coker, G.A., C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns, 2001 |
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Remarks | Prefer shallow, brackish waters but also occur in fresh waters (Ref. 36771). Lives over stones; in freshened areas and river mouths (Ref. 2058). Can tolerate a temperature range of 0 to 30°C, but mainly thrive in warm temperate waters (Ref. 36771). Able to tolerate low oxygen content waters for several days (Ref. 36771). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Berg, L.S., 1965 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Opalatenko, L.K., 1979 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Opalatenko, L.K., 1979 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.30 | 0.10 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. | ||
From individual food items | 3.30 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Kovtun, I.F., M.Y. Nekrasova and N.I. Revina, 1974 |