Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990 |
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Remarks | Inhabits reef flats and seaward reefs to a depth of at least 37 m (in the Red Sea) (Ref 1602); and shallow lagoons (Ref. 12419). Benthopelagic in or near crevices and caves (Refs. 58302, 9773). Mainly nocturnal (Also Ref. 9773). Feeds mainly on plankton such as crab larvae (Ref. 12419). Secretive, hovering under ledges and in caves (Ref. 37816). Also Ref. 58534. Demersal. Forms small shoals when foraging. Feeds on crab larvae, shrimp, mysids, polychaete worms, and small fishes. Spawns on or close reefs, while juveniles are distributed by ocean currents (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.39 | 0.13 | 3.30 | 0.42 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.31 | 0.41 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Hobson, E.S., 1974 |