Main Ref. | Kottelat, M., 1998 |
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Remarks | Occurs in rivers, lakes and ponds. Also in swamps and ricefields (Ref. 27732). Prefers muddy bottoms, where they hide in the muck and leaf litter with only their heads sticking out; prefers muddy bottoms of streams and ponds; in Hawaii, can also be found under mats of honohono (Commelina diffusa and California grass (Brachiara nuatica); feeds on worms, small crustaceans, insects, insect larvae, and other small aquatic organisms (Ref. 44091). Recorded as having been or being farmed in rice fields (Ref. 119549). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. | Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta, 2004 |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.10 | 0.40 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 3.24 | 0.40 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Urquhart, A.N. and P. Koetsier, 2014 |