Main Ref. | Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 |
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Remarks | Occurs along sandy shores and in bays, usually in sandy surfs of exposed outer coast. Usually found in small groups; larger fish are more solitary. Feeds on sand crabs, other small crustaceans, and worms. Spawning begins in July. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
مرجع | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Chao, L.N., 1995 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Chao, L.N., 1995 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.34 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
مرجع |