Main Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
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Remarks | Normally found on or near bottom, but may occasionally move up into mid-waters (Ref. 1371). In Australian waters, they are found in dense schools near the sea bed during the day and move up in mid-waters at dusk, to within 50 m of the surface (Ref. 13538). Juveniles are commonly found in estuaries and bays of southern Tasmania (Ref. 26498). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.53 | 0.18 | 4.27 | 0.68 | Troph of adults from 8 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.21 | 0.74 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bulman, C.M. and S.J.M. Blaber, 1986 |