Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Occurs inshore (Ref. 75154). Inhabits lagoon and semi-protected seaward reefs (Ref. 9710). Prefers sheltered areas with deep holes or large boulders (Ref. 37816). Juvenile sometimes found in estuaries, shallow mangrove swamps (Ref. 9773) and the lower parts of freshwater streams. Occurs solitary (Ref. 9773) or in small groups (Ref. 4887). Feeds at night on fishes, shrimps, crabs, holothurians and cephalopods (Refs. 30573, 9773). Dwells in coral reefs, lagoons and shallow water (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
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Associations | solitary; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.61 | 0.46 | 4.02 | 0.69 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.76 | 0.55 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Blaber, S.J.M., D.A. Milton, N.J.F. Rawlinson, G. Tiroba and P.V. Nichols, 1990 |