Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Adults found mainly around ledges over rocky bottoms or around reefs. Young sometimes inhabit mangrove areas. Feeds mainly on fishes, shrimps and crabs (Ref. 55). A wary fish, not easily approached underwater (Ref. 13442). Carnivore (Ref. 42771, 57616). Macro-carnivore (Ref. 126840). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; Other habitats: deep-water corals; |
Special habitats Ref. | Simon, T., H.T. Pinheiro, R.L. Moura, A. Carvalho-Filho, L.A. Rocha, A.S. Martins, E. Mazzei, R.B. Francini-Filho, G.M. Amado-Filho and J.-C. Joyeux, 2016 |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.36 | 0.51 | 4.11 | 0.66 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.99 | 0.70 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |