Main Ref. | Morrow, J.E., 1980 |
---|---|
Remarks | A coastal species not found far offshore (Ref. 27547). Occurs at shallow depths on mud bottoms, often in brackish water and may even enter rivers (Ref. 4705). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on small fishes, bottom invertebrates (Ref. 4705), and zoobenthos (Ref. 27547). Moves closer inshore in the evenings, especially on a rising tide (Ref. 27547). Appears to move offshore in the fall and inshore in the spring (Ref. 27547). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Morrow, J.E., 1980 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Ponomarev, S.A., G.G. Novikov, I.V. Burukovsky and A.P. Stolyarov, 2001 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.43 | 0.06 | 3.22 | 0.46 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.60 | 0.54 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Ponomarev, S.A., G.G. Novikov, I.V. Burukovsky and A.P. Stolyarov, 2001 |