Main Ref. | Chao, L.N., 1978 |
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Remarks | Inhabits coastal waters, usually found over mud and sandy mud bottoms (Ref. 3702). Also in estuaries (Ref. 3702). Feeds on fish, crustaceans and mollusks (Ref. 26354). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Martin, F.D. and J.W. Patus, 1984 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Druzhinin, A.D., 1974 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.52 | 0.56 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 3.47 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bessa, E., F.B. Santos, M. Pombo, M. Denadai, M. Fonseca and A. Turra, 2014 |