Main Ref. | Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall, 1999 |
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Remarks | Occurs mostly in shallow inshore waters among algae (Ref. 6733). May over-winter in deeper water. It is primarily an ambush predator, but also actively hunts for planktonic and epibenthic prey; feeds also on organic debris (Ref. 89230). Dwells in seagrass (Ref. 128812). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Camins, E., L.M. Stanton, M.J. Correia and A.C.J. Vincent, 2023 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall, 1999 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall, 1999 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.15 | 0.36 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 2.99 | 0.32 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bell, J.D. and M.L. Harmelin-Vivien, 1983 |