Main Ref. | Meyer, M. and M.J. Smale, 1991 |
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Remarks | Found in soft bottom areas of the continental shelf and upper slope. Larvae and juveniles are pelagic (Ref. 4570). Feed on both benthic and pelagic organisms (crustaceans, fishes, cephalopods, and echinoderms) (Ref. 4570) and also on fish and invertebrates (Ref. 6009). Selective benthic feeder (Ref. 52081). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Meyer, M. and M.J. Smale, 1991 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Meyer, M. and M.J. Smale, 1991 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.54 | 3.80 | 0.62 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 3.80 | 0.58 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Macpherson, E., 1979 |