Main Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
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Remarks | Inhabits clear inshore and offshore reefs (Ref. 9710) and adjacent grass beds, often in schools (Ref. 3798). Feeds on crustaceans (Ref. 3798). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.17 | 0.14 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.50 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |