Main Ref. | Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 |
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Remarks | Found in intertidal rocky areas among algae, and on kelp (often high in kelp canopy) (Ref. 2850). May remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds (Ref. 31184). Feeds on small crustaceans and mollusks (Ref. 6885). Breathes air when out of water (Ref. 31184). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; rock; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Boyle, K.S. and M.H. Horn, 2006 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.44 | 0.26 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.55 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Boyle, K.S. and M.H. Horn, 2006 |