Main Ref. | Livingston, P.A., 1993 |
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Remarks | Found mainly along the continental shelf and upper slopes (Ref. 1371). A carnivore (Ref. 9137). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Livingston, P.A., 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Livingston, P.A., 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.16 | 0.15 | 3.88 | 0.60 | Troph of juv./adults from 9 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.47 | 1.07 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Clausen, D.M., 1980 |