Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1985 |
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Remarks | Common in exposed seaward reefs but also found in lagoon reefs. Solitary or in small groups of up to 5 individuals (Ref. 9286). Feeds on a wide variety of animal prey including hydroids, fish eggs, small crustaceans but prefers tubed feet of echinoderms, pedicilaria of sea urchins, and polychaete tentacles (Ref. 1602). Second most important export in Hawaii (Ref. 37816). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.09 | 0.24 | 3.06 | 0.21 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.38 | 0.42 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sano, M., 1989 |