Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1996 |
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Remarks | Found in coastal waters adjacent to sandy beaches, to depths of 60 m, often near reefs (Ref. 30573). Singly or in small groups (Ref. 48635). Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks and small fish that are abundant in the lagoons. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1996 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.31 | 0.48 | 4.20 | 0.64 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.98 | 0.63 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bachok, Z., M.I. Mansor and R.M. Noordin, 2004 |